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Chapter 11: Personality: Theory, Research, and Assessment Defining Personality: Consistency and Distinctiveness _______________________ Dispositions and dimensions ____________________ _____________ Neuroticism Openness to experience _______________ Conscientiousness Psychodynamic Perspectives Freud’s ___________ theory Structure of personality ___ - Pleasure principle ____- Reality principle _________ - Morality Levels of _________ Conscious Unconscious __________ Psychodynamic Perspectives Freud’s psychoanalytic theory _______ Sex and _________ Anxiety _____________________ Figure 11.2 Freud’s model of personality structure Figure 11.3 Freud’s model of personality dynamics Table 11.1 Defense Mechanisms, with Examples Freud on Development: Psychosexual Stages ________ = physical pleasure ___________ stages ____ , Anal, _______, Latency, _______ ________ = Excessive gratification or frustration Overemphasis on psychosexual needs during fixated stage Table 11.2 Freud’s Stages of Psychosexual Development Other Psychodynamic Theorists __________: Analytical Psychology Personal and collective unconscious ________ _________ : Individual Psychology Striving for superiority _____________ Figure 11.4 Jung’s vision of the collective unconscious Evaluating Psychodynamic Perspectives _____ The _________ The role of internal conflict The importance of early childhood _________ The use of defense mechanisms ____ Poor ________ Inadequate _______ base ____ views Behavioral Perspectives __________ views Conditioning and response tendencies ________ social cognitive theory Observational learning _______ Self-efficacy ____________ views The ________________ controversy Figure 11.5 A behavioral view of personality Figure 11.6 Personality development and operant conditioning Evaluating Behavioral Perspectives _____ Based on rigorous _______ Insights into effects of ________ and environmental factors _____ Over-dependence on ______ research Fragmented view of personality ___________ views Humanistic Perspectives __________ person-centered theory __________ Conditional/unconditional positive ______ Incongruence and anxiety ____________ theory of self-actualization __________ of needs The healthy personality Figure 11.7 Rogers’s view of personality structure Figure 11.8 Rogers’s view of personality development and dynamics Figure 11.9 Maslow’s hierarchy of needs Figure 11.10 Maslow’s view of the healthy personality Evaluating Humanistic Perspectives _____ Recognized importance of _______ views Recognized importance of self-concept Laid foundation for _______ psychology _____ Many aspects of theory are difficult to ____ Unrealistic _________ More empirical research needed Biological Perspectives _______ theory Determined by _______ Extraversion-introversion __________________ Twin studies Heritability estimates The _________ approach Traits conducive to reproductive fitness Figure 11.11 Eysenck’s model of personality structure Evaluating Biological Perspectives _____ Convincing ________ for genetic influence ____ Too much reliance on ________ estimates No __________ biological theory A Contemporary Empirical Approach: Terror Management Theory Conflict between ______________ and ability to foresee death ________ and self-esteem Figure 11.13 Overview of terror management theory Contemporary Empirical Approaches: Terror Management Theory Increasing subjects’ ______________ salience causes them to: _______ moral transgressions more harshly Be less tolerant of ________ of their country Give greater rewards to those who uphold cultural standards Respect cultural ______ more Culture and Personality ______________ self _________________ self Figure 11.14 Culture and conceptions of self