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Kingdom Plantae •Be able to identify key structural adaptations in the plant cladogram •Describe the adaptations that allowed plants to colonize land •Also, describe various adaptations that make plants more successful on land Given the info below about some major classifications of plants (or plant-like organisms), develop a cladogram showing their evolutionary relationship and noting key changes as they evolve Gymnosperms – include conifers like pine trees and ginkos; contain well-developed vascular tissue; have “naked” seeds (seeds are not enclosed); fertilization does not require a water source Pteridophytes – include ferns; contain vascular tissue and branching fronds; called “seedless plants,” they lack seeds but produce spores; water is required for fertilization Bryophytes – include mosses and liverworts; developing embryo is attached to and nourished by parent; spores contain sporopollenin; lack vascular tissue and true stems, roots, and leaves; require water for fertilization Angiosperms – include flowering plants; contain highly specialized and developed vascular tissue; water is not require for fertilization; seeds are enclosed within a fruit or nut Charophyceans – include green algae; embryos not attached to parent; spores lack sporopollenin to protect spores Plant Cladogram – arrange phyla according to their adaptations and evolution Alternation of Generations Overview Bryophytes Pteridophytes Pteridophytes Gymnosperms Angiosperms Working in Groups of Up to 4… •Make a poster of “The Evolution of Plants” •Be sure to reflect key events/adaptations that allowed plants to colonize land •You may go back as far as prokaryotes in lineage… •You must include “alternation of generations” and the following terms: bryophyte, pteridophyte, gymnosperm, angiosperm, tracheophyte How do I study for this stuff?! •Draw and label diagrams and cladograms •Come up with mnemonics (like King Phillip Came Over For Great Soup) •Try to answer the “self quiz” questions in the textbook (the answers are there for you to check) Important Adaptations for Plants Be able to arrange these adaptations chronologically with the evolution of the different phyla of plants (from bryophytes to pteridophytes, etc) • • • • • • Attached zygote Losing dependence on water for fertilization Development of seeds to nourish embryos Development of sporopollenin to protect spores Development of fruits/nuts to protect/disperse seeds Alternation of generations (between multicellular diploid sporophyte and multicellular haploid gametophyte) • Protected gametangia (structures holding egg and sperm… the archegonia and antheridia) • Development of vascular tissue