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Biology
Chapter 21
Kingdom
Plantae
Life on Land
1.
2.
Need protection from
drying out
Need to exchange gases
with surrounding air
Life on Land
3.
4.
Need a transport system
Need to grow upright
#1
– waxy layer that
covers plant
Spores can be formed
Cuticles
#1
Cuticles
Helps prevent the
evaporation of
water from plant
Acts as a barrier
tissues
to invading
microorganisms
#2
Carbon
Dioxide and Oxygen
diffuse through Pores in the
cuticle
Stomata
#2
Adaptations that
enable the exchange
of gases even with
the presence of a
cuticle on a plant
Openings in the
outer cell layer of
leaves and some
stems
#3
Can
transport nutrients two
ways:
– Osmosis and Diffusion
– Vascular tissues
#4
Cells
have rigid walls
enabling them to grow
upright
Types of Plants
Nonvascular
= no vascular
tissues
Vascular = vascular tissues
Nonvascular Plants
Two Types
– Mosses and
Liverworts
Both have low resistance to
drying out
Green in color
Nonvascular Plants
small – two to three
inches tall
Grow in clumps or dense
carpets
Found in shady, damp areas
Help with Decomposing
Very
Mosses
Feathery
or velvety
Thin leaf-like structures
attached to a creeping stalk
Bryophyta
 Most familiar bryophytes are the mosses
 Structures that are similar to leaves
Carpet of moss
Leafy stems
Rhizoids
Produce root like, multicellular
rhizoids that anchor them to soil or
another surface
Water and other substances move
throughout a moss by osmosis and
diffusion.
Liverworts
Look
like moss but are flat
and leathery
Body is called a THALLUS
Hepaticophyta
Hepaticophytes are referred to as
liverworts.
Found in a variety of habitats
Water, nutrients, and other substances
are transported by osmosis and
diffusion.
Most
primitive of
land plants
Leafy liverwort
Thallose liverwort
Transport
Use
osmosis and diffusion
Both have root-like
structures called RHIZOIDS
Anchor them to soil, wood,
water
Plant Life Cycle
Two
alternating generations,
Alternation of Generations
Gametophyte generation
produces gametes, all cells are
haploid
Sporophyte generation produces
spores, cells are diploid
Plant Life Cycle
Young
gametophyte
Sperm + Egg
Spores
Haploid
Fertilization
Meiosis
Diploid
Zygote
Capsule
Young
Sporophyte