Download Root and Shoot Systems

Learning Goal 1 – Plant Classification
Transition to Life on Land
Early Adaptations –
Vascular Tissue –
Root and Shoot Systems Nonvascular Plants
Features –
Mosses –
Seedless Vascular Plants
Ferns, whisk ferns, horsetails –
Complex frond leaves –
Gymnosperms
Features –
Modern GymnospermsConifers –
Angiosperms
Features –
Monocots –
Eudicots –
Unit II
Plants
Learning Goal 1
Classify plants into their various
groups.
Transition to Life on Land
• Early Adaptations
Cuticle – an outer waxy
layer that prevents water
loss.
Stomata – tiny
passageways through
cuticle-covered surfaces.
Lignin – A tough polymer that
strengthens the walls of plant
cells.
Apical meristem – a region of
unspecialized cells near the
tips of shoots and roots that
divide and differentiate to form
all plant tissues.
• Vascular Tissue
Definition – Lignified, tube-like
structures that branch
throughout the plant body,
conducting water and solutes.
Xylem – Distributes water and
dissolved minerals up through
the plant from the roots.
Phloem – Distributes sugars
that are manufactured during
photosynthesis in the leaves
down through the plant.
• Root and Shoot
Systems
Roots - structures that
anchor a plant into the
soil and absorb water and
nutrients. They comprise
a root system with a large
surface area.
Shoots – the aboveground portion of plants
that consist of stems and
leaves and function in
absorption of light energy
and carbon dioxide.
Nonvascular Plants
(Bryophytes)
• Features
Found in wet to moist
habitats
Flagellated sperm
without vascular
system
No true roots, leaves,
or stems
Hornworts
Liverworts
Mosses
• Phylum Bryophyta
(mosses)
• Most resemble vascular
plants.
Ecological functions
include soil production
and primary producers in
harsh conditions.
Seedless Vascular Plants
(Pterophytes)
• Ferns, whisk ferns, horsetails
– Vascular seedless plants
– Abundant during
carboniferous as trees
– Formed coal fossils (with
lycophyta)
• Complex frond leaves
– Node: Point on stem where
leaf attaches
– Sorus on fronds
Gymnosperms
Features
Naked seed plants
Pollen grains produce nonmotile sperm
– Pollination: Transfer of pollen to female
reproductive parts, no water required
Ovule
– Female structure that produces eggs.
– Modern gymnosperms are all woody species:
Cycads
Ginkgoes: One living species, Gingko biloba
Gnetophytes
Conifers
- Woody reproductive
cones
- Most are evergreen
(shed some but not all
leaves each year)
- Needle leaves
- Many produce resin
Angiosperms (Anthophyta)
Features
Flowering plants with
covered seeds
Carpels (specialized
leaves) protects
ovules and seeds
Flowers contain
carpels at their center
Fruit structure
nourishes and
disperses seeds
Coevolution with Animal
Pollinators
Two Groups of Angiosperms
• Monocots (single
cotyledon)
Leaves have
parallel veins
Fibrous roots
Flowers with petals
in multiples of 3
• Eudicots
2 cotyledons
Leaves have
branched veins
Taproot system
Flowers with petals in
multiples of 4 or 5
LG 1 Vocab Terms
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Cuticle –
Stomata –
Vascular Tissue –
Lignin –
Root/Shoot Systems –
Bryophytes –
Pterophytes –
Gymnosperms –
9. Angiosperms –
10. Monocots/Eudicots –