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Plants
Monocots vs Dicots
Seed
Monocots have one thin
leaf inside the seed coat
and it DOES NOT
encompass the endosperm

Dicots have TWO seed
leaves that surround the
endosperm and the seeds
are usually round and flat
Germination

Germination produces a
single, long and narrow
leaf in monocots. It is
similar to the shape of the
adult leaf. Some may be
small and rounded, but
there will still only be one

Dicots produce two fat
seed leaves - fatter than
the adult leaves because
they contain the nutrition
for the new plant
Stems and Roots

Short and stringy roots
with Bulbs (formations
from the stem) are
present. The stems are
fleshy and they do NOT
get thicker from one year
to the next. Vascular
bundles are spread
randomly in the stem

The root is often a long
taproot with smaller
(new) roots growing out
of it. The stem is tough
and grows wider with
successive years and the
vascular bundles are in a
ring
Leaves

Monocots have long and
narrow leaves with
parallel veins that run up
and down the leaf, or
they are parallel from the
central vein

Dicots have a variety of
leaf shape and veination
net-like from the central
midrib
Flowers

the organs, (parts) of the
flower are in threes. There
are usually the same
number of stamens as
petals

The flowers have parts
that are in fours or fives
and the calyx is usually
green
Seedpods

The seedpods of
monocots have three
parts and there are large
fleshy seeds inside.

Seedpods are variable in
dicots with a greater
number of seeds present
than in a monocot
Stem Tissues
Tissues

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
Vascular - tissues which are conducting, allowing the
flow of fluids and nutrients
Types are Xylem (water, minerals) and Phloem (sugars) they are arranged in bundles with Cambium in between
which will produce new cells of both allowing for the
plant to thicken. They transport the fluids and nutrients
from the root to the leaf
Meristem is undifferentiated cells which give rise to
various organs - vascular tissue, flowers, leaves. They are
filled with cytoplasm and few organelles
In woody plants the vascular bundles are protected by
cork cambium between the phloem - the outer cortex
breaks through the epidermis - bark!
Leaf Tissue
Leaf Tissues and functions

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the photosynthetic organs
the upper epidermis is a protective single layer of cells
covered in a waxy cuticle to prevent water loss from the
upper surface that is exposed to sunlight and heat
The mesophyll is in the mid-section and consists of two
types of tissue - Pallisade parenchyma and spongy
parenchyma
Pallisade tightly packed columnar cells with lots of
chloroplasts and is the main photosynthetic tissue
spongy parenchyma are irregularly shaped and allow
the gases to circulate as they enter from the stomata
and guard cells on the underside of the leaf

Water and minerals are drawn up from the roots
through the xylem (dead structure) - vascular tissues,
and transpiration occurs through the leaf to the
atmosphere while phloem (living cells) transports the
sugars back down to all parts of the plant
Modifications
 Bulbs
- modified leaf bases
 food storage
 scaly leaf bases that encircle the storage
center of the bulb
 modified stem found at the base of the
root from which the roots grow
 new stems and leaves arise from the
upper side of the base



Stem tubers - modified stems that have food (nutrients)
storage in large swollen structures on the stem
extensions in the ground
Allows for survival of harsh conditions - winter
Used for asexual reproduction as new plants grow from
these stem tubers

Storage roots like carrots, are modified roots that store
food and allow the plant to survive adverse conditions

Tendrils are modified leaves that are very thin and they
extend out and wrap around a solid structure allowing
the plants to grow upwards. Grape vines, peas and my
favorite flower the sweet pea all have tendrils
Meristem
Meristem - Totipotent cells
 These
cells have not yet differentiated
into specific functions and are found in
several places in the plant
 They allow for the continuous growth of
plants and the formation of new organs
like roots, branches and leaves
Apical Meristems



found at the tips of roots
and shoots to allow
growth of roots in length
and stems taller and form
leaves and flowers
Important to increase
anchorage of the plant
and get nutrients plus
increase photosynthesis closer to the sun and
more leaves
apical meristems increase
is called primary growth
Lateral Meristems

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

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this is called secondary
growth
it results in the thickening
of the plant, increasing its
diameter
it results from cell division
in the lateral meristems
also produces extra xylem
and phloem
gives the plant stability so
it can grow taller
Homework
 http://www.phschool.com/science/biolo
gy_place/biocoach/plants/intro.html
 Complete
the activities up and including
#6. Print or save your answers to the quiz
Tropisms