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Interest Grabber
Plants Make the World Go Round
•Life as we know it today could not exist without
plants. Plants provide us with many essential
items other than food.
•1.With your partner, list five items you use
daily that are byproducts of plants.
–
Should have included Oxygen, food, fruit, wood,
and water.
•2.With your partner, list three items that plants
must get from animals—either directly or indirectly.
–
should include some of the following items: water,
carbon dioxide, nutrients (from decaying animals),
soil.
Plants
Plants are multicellular eukaryotes that have cell walls
made of cellulose. That carries out photosynthesis
using green pigment chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b.
Plant life cycle
• Has two alternating phases a diploid (2N)
and a haploid (N) known as alternation of
generation.
• Diploid phase is known as a sporophyte
(meoisis) or spore producing plant.
• Haploid phase is know as gametophyte
(mitosis) or gamete-producing plant
Generalized Plant Life Cycle
Section 22-1
Haploid
Diploid
MEIOSIS
Spores
(N)
Gametophyte Plant (N)
Sporophyte Plant (2N)
Sperm
(N)
Eggs
(N)
FERTILIZATION
Looking at figure 22-2
Answer the question below.
1. Which generation of a plant is diploid and
which is haploid?
The sporophyte is diploid and the gametophyte is haploid
2. Which generation produces gametes?
The gametophyte
3. What does the sporophyte produce?
Spores
4. What process produces spores?
Meoisis
What Plants Need To Survive
1. Water and minerals for the survival of their cells
2. Gas exchange to support cellular respiration
3. Movement of water and nutrients to carry upward from the
soil to the leaves.
4. Sunlight for photosynthesis
Early plants
• The first plants evolved from algae
Algae
Plants
• Study the picture above how are green algae and
plants alike?
Both have chlorophyll, stores carbohydrates, and
have cell walls.
Figure 22–6 (Pg. 554)
What are the four
Plant
Groups
Main groups of plants?
What do mosses
What do mosses
and their relative
and
their relatives
lack that all other
lack
thathave?
all other
plants
Mosses, Ferns,
Cone-bearing, and
Flower-bearing plants
plants have?
Flowering
plants
Vascular Tissue
Cone-bearing
plants
Ferns and
their relatives
Flowers; Seeds
Enclosed in Fruit
Mosses and
their relatives
Seeds
Water-Conducting
(Vascular) Tissue
Green algae
ancestor
How do the seeds of flowering
plants differ from the seeds of
cone-bearing plants?
Flowering plants have
seeds enclosed in fruit
Bryophytes
• Are non-vascular plants-lacking vascular tissue that does
not conduct water or nutrients.
• Depends on water for reproduction producing sperm that
must swim in the water to
fertilize a egg
• Absorbs water
by osmosis
• Includes mosses,
liverworts, and
hornworts
Mosses
• Most common bryophytes
• Grown in areas that are
abundant in water
• Can survive in polar
regions
• Contain rhizoids-are long,
thin cells that anchor them into
the ground and absorb water and
minerals from surrounding soil.
• Water moves from cell to cell
by the rhizoids.
Capsule
Sporophyte
Stalk
Stemlike
structure
Leaflike
structure
Rhizoids
Gametophyte
Section 22-2
Figure 22–11
The Life Cycle of a Moss
Haploid (N)
Diploid (2N)
MEIOSIS
Spores
(N)
Protonema
(young gametophyte)
(N)
Male
gametophyte
Female
gametophyte
Mature
sporophyte
(2N)
Capsule
(sporangium)
Gametophyte
(N)
Antheridia
Young
sporophyte
(2N)
Sperm
(N)
Archegonia
Zygote
(2N)
Gametophyte
(N)
Sperm
(N)
Egg
(N)
FERTILIZATION
Seedless Vascular Plants
• Established a evolutionary transport system
• Tracheids is a new type of cell specialized to conduct
water.
• These tracheids was the key cell in xylem a transport
subsystem that carries water upwards from the roots to
every part of the plants.
• Phloem transports nutrients and carbohydrates produced
by photosynthesis.
• Both of vascular tissue the xylem and the phloem can move
fluids through the plant body even against gravity.
Seedless Vascular plant
• Club mosses
• Horsetails
• Ferns-have true vascular tissue, strong roots, and
creeping underground stems called rhizomes and
large leaves called fronds
-can live in areas with
little light and are mostly
wet or seasonally wet.
Horsetail and Fern
• Eat Your Seeds!
Interest Grabber
• A seed contains both the embryo of a plant and a food supply for that
plant. If you have eaten corn, you’ve eaten a seed. Do you like
hamburger buns with sesame seeds on them? That’s another kind of
seed you’ve eaten.
• After you answer the following questions, exchange papers with a partner
to see how many of the same seeds you listed.
1. In addition to sesame seeds, what are some other seeds that are found in or on top of loaves
2.
3.
4.
5.
of bread?
Most students will list poppy seeds and caraway seeds. In addition, some “multi-grain” breads
contain millet and flax seeds.
In addition to corn, what are some other seeds that are eaten as “vegetables”?
Peas and all types of beans, such as lima beans, black beans, kidney beans, and so on
What are some seeds that you have eaten as snack foods?
Sunflower seeds, pumpkin seeds, peanuts
What types of nutrients are found in seeds?
Carbohydrates, proteins, and fats
Do seeds have the same nutritional value for plants as they do for animals? Explain your
answer.
Yes. Plants and animals use the same nutrients to live.
Countdown to TAKS
Choose the best answer.
Leon tosses two number cubes without looking at
them. A friend tells Leo that the total came out to be
an odd number. What is the probability that the total
is 7?
F. 1/6G. 2/9
H. 1/3
J. 1/2
Countdown to TAKS
• F Incorrect
– The probability of rolling a 7 is 1/6 without taking into
account whether the number is odd or even.
• G Incorrect; How many ways can you come up with a
7?
• J Incorrect; make a chart showing the results for
each die. Count up how many ways come up 7.
• H Correct There are 6 combinations of numbers that
equal 7: (1,6), (2,5), (3,4), (6,1), (5,2), (4,3). There are
6 X 6 = 36 possible combinations but only 18 are odd.
The probability of the odd total being 7 is 6/18=1/3.
Seed Plants
• Are divided into two groups gymnosperms and
angiosperms.
• Gymnosperms bear their seed directly on the
surface of cones
• Angiosperms called flowering plants, bear their
seeds within a layer of tissue that protects the seed.
Bean Seed
Compare/Contrast Table
Section 22-4
Comparing Features of Seed Plants
Feature
Gymnosperms
Angiosperms
Seeds
Bear their seeds on cones
Bear their seeds within
flowers
Reproduction
Can reproduce without
water; male gametophytes
are contained in pollen
grains; fertilization occurs
by pollination
Can reproduce without
water; male gametophytes
are contained in pollen
grains; fertilization occurs
by pollination
Examples
Conifers, cycads, ginkgoes,
gnetophytes
Grasses, flowering trees
and shrubs, wildflowers,
cultivated flowers
Seeded Plants Reproduction
• Seeded plants have adaptations allowing
them to reproduce without water.
1. Seeds
2. Pollen
3. Cones and Flowers
1. Seeds
Section 22-4
Figure 22–19 The Structure of a Seed
Seed coat
Seed
Embryo
Wing
Stored
food supply
B
The Structure of a Seed is the embryo (in its early stages of
development) of a plant that is encased in seed coat that is its
protective covering and surrounded by a food supply
2. Pollen
• Pollen is the male gametophyte contained in tiny
structures called a pollen grain. Pollen is then
carried by the wind to a female reproductive
structure known as pollination.
3. Cones and Flowers
• The gametophytes of seed plants grow and
mature within sporophyte structures called
cones. Which are the seed bearing structures of
gymnosperms, and flowers.
Cone Bearers
Gymnosperms meaning “naked seed”; plants that
reproduce with seeds that are exposed.
4 Main types of cone bearers
• Gnetophytes found in desert environments
• Cycads palm like plants the produce large
cones
• Ginkgoes common when dinosaurs existed
• Conifers mainly your Christmas trees
Cycads
Gnetophytes
Conifers
Ginkgoes
Flowering Plants
Angiosperms (meaning enclosed seed) develop a unique reproductive
organs known as flowers containing ovaries, which surround and protect
the seed
• How to classify Angiosperms
1.Monocots and Dicots
2.Woody and Herbaceous
3.Annuals, Biennials, and
Perennials (life span).
1. Monocots and Dicots comparison
Section 22-5
-Monocots have one seed leaf
-Dicots have two seed leafs
-Resulting in a cotyledon which is the first leaf
produces from the embryo of a seed plant.
Monocots
Dicots
Seeds
Single
cotyledon
Two
cotyledons
Leaves
Parallel
veins
Branched
veins
Floral parts
often in
multiples of 3
Floral parts often
in multiples
of 4 or 5
Vascular
bundles
scattered
throughout stem
Vascular
bundles
arranged in
a ring
Fibrous roots
Taproot
Flowers
Stems
Roots
2.Woody and Herbaceous
• Divided into two groups according to their stems
1. Woodiness –are primarily made of plants with
cells having thick walls that support the plant body
(examples include grapes and ivys).
2. Herbaceous- are stems that are smooth and
nonwoody (examples include roses and
blueberries).
Classifying angiosperms
3. Life Span
Section 22-5
Plants
are categorized as
Annuals
Biennials
Perennials
that complete
their life cycle in
that complete
their life cycle in
that complete
their life cycle in
1 growing
season
2 years
More than
2 years
Seed Plants
Monocots
Seeds
Single
cotyledon
Leaves
Parallel
veins
Flowers
Floral parts
often in
multiples of 3
Stems
Roots
Vascular
bundles
scattered throughout
stem
Fibrous roots
Dicots
Two
cotyledons
Branched
veins
Floral parts often in
multiples
of 4 or 5
Vascular
bundles
arranged in
a ring
Taproot