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Basic Plant Physiology
Ag. I
By: Jessica George
Basic Parts of a Flowering Plant
• Roots
• Stems
• Leaves
• Flower
Functions of Roots
1. Anchor plant
2. Absorb water and minerals
3. Translocate water and minerals
to stem
4. Store food
Types of Roots
A. Tap Root
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Continuation of the primary root
Ideal for anchorage
Penetration is greater for water
Storage area for food made by photosynthesis
Types of Roots
B. Fibrous Roots
– Many finely branched secondary roots
– Shallow roots cover a large area
• More effective absorption
of water and minerals
• Roots hold the soil to
prevent erosion
Types of Roots
C. Aerial roots
• Short roots that grow horizontally from the
stems
• Roots that fasten the
plant to a support
– Absorptive air roots
Types of Roots
D. Adventitious Roots
– Develop in places other than nodes
– Can form on cuttings
and rhizomes
Root Hairs
• Tiny one celled hair like extensions of the
epidermal cells located near the tips of the
roots wherevascular tissues have formed.
– Increase surface area
– Absorb water and minerals from
soil
Functions of Stems
1. Translocate water, minerals and food to the
leaves
2. Support the leaves and display them to
light
3. Store Food
Specialized Stems
A. Corm (gladiolus, crocus)
– underground
– Solid, fleshy, scale covered
Specialized Stems
B. Bulb (tulips, lillies, onions)
– Layers of fleshy scales that overlap each other
– Underground stem
Specialized Stems
C. Tuber (potato, caladium)
– Food storage area
– Short, thick underground stem
Specialized Stems
D. Crown (African Violets, fern)
– Closely grouped stems or plantlets
– Just above ground or just below
Specialized Stems
E. Spurs (pear and apple trees)
– Short sems found on woody plant limbs
adapted for increased production of fruits
Specialized Stems
F. Rhizomes (iris, lily of the valley)
– Underground stems that produce roots on the
lower surface and extend leaves and flower
shoots above the ground
Specialized Stems
G. Stolon (Strawberry, airplane plant)
– Stem that grows horizontally above the soil
surface
Functions of Leaves
1. Make food through photosynthesis
2. Provide site of gas exchange
3. Store food
Parts of a Leaf
Functions of Flowers
1. Contain organs for specialized sexual
production
2. Produce seeds and fruit
Parts of the Flower
• Sepals
– Outer covering of the flower bud
– Protects the stamens and pistills when flower is
in bud stage
Parts of the Flower
• Petals
– Brightly colored
– Protects stamen and pistills
– Attracts pollinating insects
Parts of the Flower
• Stamens
– Male Reproductive part
– Anther-produces pollen
– Filament-supports the anther
Parts of the Flower
• Pistil
– Female reproductive part
– Ovary
• Enlarged portion at base of pistill
• Produces ovules which develop into seeds
– Stigma
• Holds the pollen grains
Parts of the Flower
• Style
– Connects the stigma with ovary
– Supports the stigma so that it can be pollinated
Complete and Incomplete
Flowers
• Complete: have all four main parts
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Sepals
Petals
Stamens
Pistils