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Transcript
• • Type 2: Angiosperms largest phylum in the plant kingdom • Aka: flowering plants. Unique adaptations allow for dominating today’s world. • Flowers allow for efficient pollination. – animals feed on pollen or nectar – pollen is spread from plant to plant in process • Fruit allows for efficient seed dispersal. – Fruit is flower’s ripened ovary – Surrounds and protects seed(s) – Inside the seed is a plant embryo and endosperm (food for the embryo) – Many forms, but each function in seed dispersal Fruit seeds in fox droppings Botanists classify flowering plants into two groups based on seed type. • Based on the number of cotyledons, which is an embryonic “seed leaf” (1st sprout) • Monocots have a single seed leaf. – leaf veins usually parallel – flower parts usually in multiples of 3 – bundles of vascular tissue scattered in stem • Dicots have two seed leaves. – leaf veins usually netlike – flower parts usually in multiples of 4 or 5 – bundles of vascular tissue in rings in stem Monocots vs. Dicots Flowering plants are also categorized by stem type and lifespan. • Stem type can be woody or herbaceous. – Wood is a fibrous material made up of dead cells. – Wood has high concentrations of lignin and cellulose. – Woody stems are stiff. – Herbaceous plants do not produce wood. Oak Iris • There are three types of plant life spans. – Annuals mature from seed, flower, and die in one year. – Biennials take two years to compete life cycle. – Perennials live more than two years. Wheat Foxglove Big bluestem Flowers • Reproductive structure of flowering plants • Sepals – outer ring of leaves – protection • Petals – Inner ring of leaves – Brightly colored to attract pollinators • Open petals & sepals reveal male and female structures Flowers • Female Carpel – Inner most part – Ovary: within the base (female gametophyte) – Style: long stalk – Stigma: sticky tip, collects pollen • Male Stamen – Surrounds carpel – Filaments: long stalks – Anther: produces pollen (male gametophyte) Pollination: when pollen grains land on stigma • Wind pollinated flowers- small flowers and large amounts of pollen. • Animal pollinated flowers- larger flowers and less pollen (more efficient). Fertilization takes place within the flower. Male gametophytes, or pollen grains, are produced in the anthers. – male spores produced in anthers by meiosis – each spore divides by mitosis to form two haploid cells – these two cells form a single pollen grain pollen grain stamen anther 1. Pollen stick to animal or released into wind •Animal finds a new flower to feed on 2. Pollination occurs (pollen lands on stigma) 3. Remember: Each pollen grain has to haploid cells •1 haploid cell forms a pollen tube •1 haploid cell divides to form 2 sperm, which slide down the pollen tube to the ovule. 4. Flowering plants go through the process of double fertilization. female gametophyte egg Double Fertilization sperm polar nuclei ovule 1 sperm fuse with the polar nuclei = triploid (3n) endosperm 1 sperm fuse with the egg = zygote endosperm 5. Each ovule becomes a seed. seed coat Endosperm provides food supply for embryo embryo 6. The surrounding ovary grows into a fruit. 7. Flower dries up and fruit falls to ground. 8. Animals eat fruit….seeds come out the other end… 9. Seeds get dispersed 10. Seed germinates,(sporophyte) and the cycle starts over ground 22.2 Flower Life Cycle Plant Life Cycle Comparisons Plant type Sporophyte Gametophyte Dominant? Moss Stalk with cup (capsule) at tip, which is where spores are produced. More familiar, carpet-like plant that produces specialized gametes GAMETOPHYTE Fern More familiar, leafy plant with clusters of spore producing sacs (sori) Haploid plant body (prothallus) is size of a finger nail, produces both male and female parts SPOROPHYTE Conifer (gymnosperm) More familiar- like pine trees, produces male and female cones that produce spores Pollen grains are male SPOROPHYTE gametophytes sperm, female gameotphytes are microscopic eggs Flower (angiosperm) More familiar- apple tree, peach tree, zucchini, berries, etc. Contain flowers that produce male and female spores Pollen grains are male gametophytes 2 haploid cells = pollen tube + sperm, Female gametophyte in ovule egg + 2 polar nuclei SPOROPHYTE End of the Semester!