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Growing Conditions Factors that a gardener needs to consider to maximise plant growth: • W • L – motorised screens, shading • Suitable t – greenhouses, polytunnels, cloches, ventilators, fans, fleece • Growing m (soil, compost etc) • H Photosynthesis C +w O +g Unhealthy Plant • • • • W – under watering P Damage – aphids, slugs Poor G F Disease – damping off, potato blight Biological Pest Control • Predator of the pest used to eat the pest • Example: Ladybird is a p to an aphid • Advantage – No p • Disadvantage – Can change predator-prey relationships, changing the e K Mineral Nutrients N P Too much N Stem grows too Burns the and and crop over Fertilisers – absorbed by the r Organic Inorganic • adds h and so improves crumb structure • decays slowly so releases n over a long time •c and easy to obtain • contains other nutrients needed by plants such as m • contains l quantities of known amounts of nutrients • releases nutrients q • easy to s A S S O S O Cross Pollination The transfer of pollen from the a flower of the same s This increases genetic v of one flower to the s of another so plants are able to adapt to their surroundings Self Pollination The transfer of pollen from the a s of one flower to the s of the flower. Advantage Disadvantage Does not require another plant of the same species near by Little genetic variation in offspring Wind Pollinated Plants Lots of small, light p produced so it can be carried by the w Flower small and green and not scented since it does not need to attract i Insect Pollinated Plants Brightly coloured, scented flowers to attract i Anthers and stigma I flower in the best position for the insect Small quantities of large, sticky p is produced N is produced A word of caution Make sure that there are I or w in glass houses and polytunnels Vegetative Reproduction • This is asexual • All offspring are genetically i to the parents • Growers know what they will produce • If one plant gets a d they will all get the disease Runners eg. S plants An above ground stem R eg. Ginger An underground stem Bulbs eg. O Leaves become swollen with food stores. Seed Germination Testa (Seed Coat) Plumule Tough, so w is needed to swell the seed and break the testa before the seed can g Young s Radicle Cotyledons (Food Store) Glucose + O Young r Energy E are needed for respiration therefore seeds only germinate in the w Light is not usually needed for germination except in certain seeds such as l Raising Plants from Seed Growing from seed • Thinning out: weak seedlings r to give others more room • Pricking out: Lift the seedlings out carefully holding their c (seed leaves) and re-plant in a new tray to allow seedlings to grow well. • Potting on – give seedlings more r to grow • light sensors • temperature probes • carbon dioxide sensors • pH meters • humidity sensors White Rose Red Rose Phenotype: Phenotype: Genotype: Genotype: The allele for red flowers is d over the allele for white flowers All the F1 generation are Inheritance of Flower Colour Using A Punnet Square A red flowered plant was crossed with a white flowered plant. What is the ratio of phenotypes and genotypes in their offspring? R R b r b r Percentage Genotypes: Percentage Phenotypes: Rr r r Soil Cultivation by Hand • aerates the s • removes w • improves d • FYM can be added to improve crumb structure •r to produce a good tilth Clay Water Humus Sand Silt Storing Crops Ripening Bruising Pests Diseases