Download Pest Insect and Pest Insects are small animals that have three body

Pest
Insect and Pest
Insects are small animals that have three body regions and
three pairs or six legs.
Body regions are head, thorax and abdomen.
•
Five types of mouthparts are important in identifying
insects and in controlling insects.
•
Chewing—tear, chew or grind food. Examples:
grasshoppers, beetles.
•
Piercing-sucking – punctures plant and suck sap.
Aphid
Mosquito
•
Rasping-sucking—rasps or break surface and suck
sap. Example: thrips.
Tomato spot
wilt disease
Siphoning—have a coiled tube they dip into liquid
food such as nectar and draw
it in.
•
Sponging—have two sponge-like structures that collect liquid
food and move it into the food canal. Example: Housefly.
Life Cycles for
insects
• Complete metamorphosis has four stages:
a. Egg.
b. Larva—worms or caterpillars.
c. Pupa.
d. Adult—flies, beetles, etc.
•
Incomplete metamorphosis has three stages:
a. Egg.
b. Nymph.
c. Adult.
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Chewing pest
a. Beetles—eat leaves, stems, flowers, fruit and
nuts.
b. Cutworms—usually attack stems, but may eat other
plant parts.
c. Caterpillars—larva of moths and butterflies and are
fuzzy or hairy. Eat young leaves and stems. Roll up
in leaves making leaves curl.
d. Grasshoppers—eat all parts of plants.
Cucumber beetle
Cutworms
Caterpillars
Grasshoppers
Shucking pest
• Aphids
• Leaf bug
• Mealy bug
• Scale
• Thrips
• Whitefly
• Mites
Diseases
Blights cause plants to quickly turn brown or black as if they had been burned.
Canker causes open wounds on woody plant stems.
Damping off is a fungal diseases that causes young
plants and seedlings to rot off at soil level. ONLY IN
SEEDLINGS
Galls are round swellings or growths on plants.
Mildew grows on leaf surfaces—both upper and lower-as white, gray or purple
spots.
Mosaic is caused by viruses that make the leaves have
irregular mottled areas with patterns ranging from dark
green to light green to yellow to white.
Rots cause plant to decay and die.
Rust cause small spots on leaves that resemble yellow,
orange, brown or red rust mainly on the underneath side
of leaves
.
Smut is a black powdery disease that causes blisters that
burst open releasing black spores.
Wilts are diseases that block the uptake of water in plant
stems causing plants to wilt.
Disease is a plant disorder caused by an infectious
pathogen or agent
.
Three conditions necessary for diseases in plants.
1. Host plant.
2. Disease causing organism or pathogen must be present.
3. Favorable environment for disease organism to develop.
Groups of Pathogens.
1. Bacteria.
2. Fungi.
3. Viruses.
4. Parasitic plants-mistletoe, dodder, lichens attach to
plant.
Plant diseases must be identified before they can be treated.
Warm temperatures and moist conditions in greenhouse
plant production make most horticulture plant diseases
worse because of environmental conditions that
support disease-causing pathogens.
Preventing plant diseases is better than treating the
diseases.
Biological uses natural enemies such as birds, other
insects, etc.
Contact poisons affect the insect’s nervous system and
must come into contact with insect to be effective.
Acephate
Deltamethrin
Carbaryl
Fumigants are poisonous gases released into an
enclosed place so that insects breathe the gases.
Stomach poisons are sprayed on plant surfaces or are taken into the plant through
absorption. The insect must eat or suck the poison to get it into the
stomach for this method to be effective. Systemic poisons are more effective for
controlling sucking insects.
Cultural involves sanitation, removing insect breeding
and hiding areas and using insect resistant plant
varieties.
Mechanical uses physical control such as insect traps using screens over fans and
other openings and washing plants with soapy water. Natural methods use natural
barriers such as rivers, woods, mountains and predators to control insects.
Quarantine physically isolates insects from healthy
plants.
IPM
Intergraded pest management
Name and address of manufacturer.
Trade name.
Active ingredients including official common name or chemical name of each
ingredient.
Type of Pesticides—herbicide, insecticide, fungicide, etc.
Form of substance—dust, wettable powder, fumigant, etc.
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Storage and disposal precautions.
H. Hazard statement including ‘Keep Out of Reach of Children”.
I. Directions for use—mixing, application, etc.
J. Net contents.
K. Statement of practical treatment states what to do if a person swallows or is
poisoned by spilling the chemical on the skin.
L. Worker protection procedures including reentry time on how long before a
person
can enter the treated area.
Signal words—toxicity levels for humans.
1. Danger—has skull and crossbones symbol and poison on label. Highly toxic,
most poison or lethal dosage.
2. Warning—moderately toxic.
3. Caution—slightly toxic to non-toxic.
The most important safety rule is “read and follow label directions” because all the
rules are included in this one rule.