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Insect/IPM Study Guide ● Arthropods - all insects are in this phylum ○ Mandibles - jaw-like mouthparts used for feeding and communicating; snapping mouthparts ○ Chitin - material an exoskeleton is made up of consisting of carbohydrates and protein ○ Eardrum - the tympanum of an insect is comparable to this human body part ○ Proboscis - long, tube-like mouthpart that takes up food like a straw ○ Spiracles - insect breathing holes ● Metamorphosis - the life cycle of an insect ○ Nymph - a stage during incomplete metamorphosis when the insect doesn’t have wings ■ Molting - several stages of shedding skin; simple metamorphosis; nymph must molt to reach an adult phase ● Pheromones - chemical scent insects use to attract a mate ● Stridulation - the rubbing of body parts together to make sounds ● Tymbals - special sound-makers found on the abdomen of cicadas ● Entomologist - a person who studies insects and insect behavior Be able to label different parts of an insect, such as: ● Wings ● Antennae ● Jointed legs ● Mandibles ● 3 body parts - head, thorax, abdomen ● Mouthparts ● Compound eyes ● Spiracles Reasons why insects make sound: ● Communication ● Defend territory ● Attract mates ● Scare predators Reasons why insects have been able to survive for such a long time: ● Insects reproduce rapidly and in large numbers ● Can hibernate or migrate to avoid harsh conditions ● Are adapted to live almost anywhere on Earth ● Small and go easily undetected ● Extremely strong for their size IPM - Integrated Pest Management ● Pest - any unwanted organism that causes harm to humans, their food, or the environment IPM Steps 1. Inspect and identify the cause of the problem/pest 2. Learn pest and host life cycles and biology 3. Monitor 4. Establish action threshold (economic, health, or aesthetic) 5. Choose tactics 6. Evaluate results IPM Methods ● Biological - use predators, parasites, and diseases to suppress pest populations ○ Examples - foster natural predators, introduce natural enemies into habitats ● Chemical - biorational and conventional ○ Biorational examples - less toxic and target a specific aspect of pest biology, oils and soaps ○ Conventional examples - man-made compounds that are poisonous - pesticides ● Cultural - minimize conditions needed to live ○ Examples - mulching, raking, and pruning diseased parts of plants ● Genetic - use pest-resistant varieties ○ Examples - breed grasses/plants that are resistant to pests ● Physical - prevent access to host area or physically remove them ○ Examples - Screens, barriers, pruning, physical removal (pick them!) ● Regulatory - government agencies try to stop the spread or entry of pests into an area ○ Examples - laws are created to stop pests from entering areas or countries