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Integrated Pest Management February 19,2008 What is a Pest? Insect, disease, or pathogen May be situational IPM requires some pest tolerance Only 5% of known insect species are considered “pests” of humans. What is IPM? Multiple arsenals of pest control methods Multiple tactics used simultaneously Requires knowledge and time Management vs. eradication Rethink acceptable pest population levels Develop action thresholds Four Components of IPM Pest Identification Monitoring (aka scouting) Control Guidelines (aka thresholds) Methods of control Pest Identification How can you control it if you don’t know what it is? Family or group vs. species Where is it from? How often will it reproduce? What is its dispersal pattern? How much damage does it do? What part of the plant will it eat? Monitoring The earlier, the better! Early detection = more control choices Remember undersides of leaves In greenhouses or crops, use random letter patterns to scout Repeat throughout season Control Guidelines aka thresholds May be aesthetic, economic, or personal Decide when action will be taken Vary with crop and intended use Not developed for all crops and insects Control Guidelines Sometimes no control is needed Typically multiple controls are chosen to work together Timing is crucial Better understanding of pest leads to better control decisions The IPM Arsenal Natural Controls Host resistance Cultural Mechanical/ Physical Biological Chemical Natural Controls Climate Natural enemies Geography Supply and demand of resources Host Resistance Tomatoes bred for disease resistance ‘Underhill’ wheat is an early example Monoculture cropping requires continuous resistance development Should genetically modified crops be included, i.e. Bt corn? Cultural Controls Rotation cropping Time planting for low pest levels Diversify Companion planting Cleanliness in greenhouse Watering methods Mechanical / Physical Controls Nets, barriers, traps Picking or knocking insects off plants Repellant devices Foil or moving objects Tree shaking machines Human or dog urine or hair Biological Controls Beneficial insects- predators and parasites Nematodes Naturally occurring pesticides Bt, Neem Chemical Controls Last for a reason Don’t work well with some biological controls May be only option if pest caught too late Make informed use choices Broad spectrum pesticides kill beneficial insects Basic IPM Concepts INTEGRATED- tactics from multiple arsenals may be used simultaneously Suppression is more likely than eradication Actions are taken based on “thresholds” Requires time and knowledge of operator Takes longer to control pests Many “old-time” practices are IPM tactics without the fancy name! Pesticide Resistance More is NOT better! That which does not kill them, makes them stronger Only resistant progeny will result Common Pests Aphids- only 3,000 species! Whitefly Spider Mites Thrips Lepidopterous pests Aphids Many beneficial insects will attack them Look for mummified bodies Congregate on new growth Spread slowly- at first Winged individuals only when plants become overcrowded Up to 20 generations per year! Green Peach Aphid Black Peach Aphid Whitefly Wide range of host plants (> 250 species) Control differs for young/ adults Biological, physical, chemical controls Cannot over winter in freezing temperatures Found on undersides of leaves Common poinsettia and hibiscus pest Whitefly Spider mites Mites are arachnids Thrive in hot, dry conditions Apparent by “webbing” under leaves Leaves may be mottled or distorted Thrips Really tiny insects asymmetrical mouthparts Infest flowers and new growth Present in most flowers! Situational pests, i.e. greenhouses Control with blue plastic plates (honest!) Caterpillars life cycle duration varies Single vs. multiple generations Chemical treatments only work early Cabbage Looper- Early Instar Cabbage Looper- Late Instar Cabbage Looper Pupa Cabbage Looper Adult Beneficial Insects •Spiders and mites may also be beneficial •Predators, parasites, or parasitoids Beneficial Insects Wasps Syrphid Flies Minute pirate bug Big-eyed bug Lady beetles Praying Mantids Spined Soldier bug Beneficial Insects Lacewings Damsel Bugs Earwigs Rove beetles Tiger beetles Encouraging Beneficial Insects Diversify your plantings Plant the Compositaceae family Don’t use chemicals right away Use compatible control methods Don’t demand eradication It amounts to the gardener’s version of a balanced ecosystem Why a Balanced Ecosystem? Monoculture math potato monoculture + lack of host plant resistance = thousands of starving Irish A similar example: cotton, the boll weevil, ….and thousands of starving southerners IPM is for all Gardeners Beginnings in agriculture Pesticide resistance has made IPM palatable even to chemical manufacturers IPM has always been practiced… We now have decades of scientific proof that IPM works Departure from man vs. nature mentality Questions and Discussion