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BIOMES Biomes are classified according to… Temperature And PRECIPITATION • Rain dictates Plants. Plants dictate Animals • Plants want to maximize photosynthesis – Big leaves • Plants want to retain water and control temp. – Small leaves, needles – Waxy coating 4 Plant Types 1. Succulents • Fleshy plants with modified leaves (spines), photosynthesize in stems, store water in flesh. • Where: dry, sunny enviros 2. Broadleaf evergreens • Large leaves to capture as much sunlight as possible; keep leaves all year. • Where: tropical rainforests 3. Broadleaf Deciduous • Large leaves to capture sunlight; lose leaves in dry, cold winters. • Where: temperate (seasonal) areas. 4. Coniferous Evergreens • Small, needle-like leaves; maintain leaves all year; waxy to prevent water loss. • Where: cold winters; brief summers. Vocab • Biome – region that is characterized by climate, vegetation, and animals that inhabit the area • Climate – average precipitation and temperature of an area • Altitude – height above sea level • Latitude – distance from the equator • Brackish – a mixture of fresh and salt water • Permafrost – frozen layer beneath the topsoil • Succulent – plants that store water in thick, fleshy tissue of stems, usually have no leaves (ex. Cacti) • Coniferous – cone-bearing plants that keep needles all year • Deciduous – plants that shed their leaves to survive seasons Desert • Characteristics – less than 10 inches rain/year • Human Threats – Long time to recover from disturbance due to slow plant growth, low diversity, lack of water, & slow nutrient cycling. – Overpopulation by new cities – Recreationists destroy landscape; crush underground burrows – Salinization of soil due to farming – Depletion of groundwater – Mining/Oil extraction – Nuclear testing (Manhattan Project) Desert Adaptations PLANT • Waxy coating • Deep taproot or wide shallow roots • Fleshy stem, spiny leaves ANIMAL • Small • Nocturnal; hide during the day • Thick outer coverings (reptiles/insects) • Conserve water; kangaroo rat – Get moisture from seeds TUNDRA – Characteristics • 10 inches rain/year (falls as snow) • Dark winters; 24-hr sunlight in summer • Permafrost = permanently frozen soil – Human Impacts • Most fragile biome on Earth due to slow growth & lack of biodiversity • Oil exploration TUNDRA – Plant Adaptations • No trees • Knee height or lower to survive winds • Grow very quickly (3 months max) – Animal Adaptations • Migration (caribou, birds) • Extremely thick fur, huddle for winter • Seasonal camouflage Temperate Grasslands (prairie) • Characteristics – – – – Low to moderate precipitation Precipitation limits plants to mostly perennial grasses. Seasonal temperatures Drought, fires, & grazing prevents most trees/bushes from growing. • Human Impacts – Conversion to croplands; deserts by accident • Burning & plowing; contribute to CO2 • Dust storms in times of drought – Overgrazing Tropical Grassland (savanna) • Characteristics – Warm all year – Dry & wet seasons – Africa and Australia • Human Threats – Poaching – Fires GRASSLANDS Plant Adaptations – Perennial grasses grow from base of plant – Thick mats of deep roots maintain soils • Prairies = most fertile soil in the world Animal Adaptations – Large populations of grazing herbivores Tropical Rainforest • Characteristics – Evergreen broadleaf trees – ~ 100 inches rain/year – Greatest biodiversity on planet • Human Impact – Deforestation (clear cutting, fires) – Farming lasts 5-10 years (soils are poor) Tropical Rain forest • Plants – Grow in layers – Drip-tips – Above ground roots – Vines – to compete for sunlight – Minimal ground litter due to quick nutrient cycling – Soil quality is poor Animals – Greatest biodiversity on planet – Bright colors for warning – Live in layers to reduce competition Taiga • Characteristics – Evergreen cone-bearing trees – Cold winters, cool summers with very short growing season • Human Impact – Logging & mining Taiga • Plant – Tee-pee shape to prevent snow damage – Small, waxy leaves – Photosynthesize all year – Thick bark to prevent freezing – EX: spruce, fir, pine, & hemlock – Minimal understory due to acidic soil and slow decomposition • Animal – Hibernation – Migration – Thick fur Temperate Deciduous Forest • Characteristics – Deciduous broadleaf trees – Seasonal temperatures with moderate precipitation • Human Impact – Greatest human population on Earth – 99% of original forests have been cleared in N. America Deciduous Forest • Animal – Migration – Thick fur – Ex: black bears, deer, squirrels, birds • Plant – Trees lose leaves in winter and drought • EX: maple & oak – Canopy not as blocking as TRF – Soil is rich due to annual decomposition of fallen leaves Aquatic “Biomes” are determined by the salinity of the water 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Saltwater/Marine open sea estuary coast line coral reef coastal marsh mangrove swamp coastal wetlands Freshwater 1. Lakes & Ponds 2. Flowing Streams 3. Inland wetlands A. COASTAL ZONE - warm, nutrient rich - land to continental shelf - covered at high tide, exposed at low tide - 10% of ocean area but 90% of species - connect with estuaries - protects land ESTUARIES - where fresh & salt water meet (brackish) - streams flow into ocean - lots of nutrients available - good breeding ground for organisms MANGROVE SWAMPS - warm tropical coasts with an overabundance of silt (sediment & nutrients) - 55 species of salt-tolerant trees & shrubs BEACHES - can be rocky or sandy (barrier) CORAL REEF • Found in shallow coastal zones of warm tropical & sub-tropical oceans • Underwater populations of polyps (animals similar to jellyfish) that secrete limestone shells • Most productive ALZ OPEN SEA • Divided into 3 zones, depending on the amount of sunlight EUPHOTIC BATHYAL ABYSSAL • Phytoplankton - major photosynthesizers Inland Wetlands • Lands covered with water all or part of the year (excluding streams, lakes, swamps) • Examples include: 1. marshes (herbaceous plants) 2. prairie potholes (seasonal) 3. swamps (tress & shrubs) 4. mudflats 5. bogs • Arctic soils are wet and nutrient rich. So why are there no trees in the Arctic, and why are the plants there so close to the ground? • Why don’t desert plants such as cacti have leaves? • Why do trees in most forests found in both the warm tropics and in cold areas such as Canada and Sweden keep their leaves year-round, whereas most trees in temperate forests lose their leaves in winter?