* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download PowerPoint
Plant stress measurement wikipedia , lookup
Photosynthesis wikipedia , lookup
Plant tolerance to herbivory wikipedia , lookup
Ecology of Banksia wikipedia , lookup
Plant secondary metabolism wikipedia , lookup
Plant defense against herbivory wikipedia , lookup
Plant nutrition wikipedia , lookup
Gartons Agricultural Plant Breeders wikipedia , lookup
Plant breeding wikipedia , lookup
Plant use of endophytic fungi in defense wikipedia , lookup
History of botany wikipedia , lookup
History of herbalism wikipedia , lookup
Plant morphology wikipedia , lookup
Plant physiology wikipedia , lookup
Plant ecology wikipedia , lookup
Ornamental bulbous plant wikipedia , lookup
Historia Plantarum (Theophrastus) wikipedia , lookup
Perovskia atriplicifolia wikipedia , lookup
Plant evolutionary developmental biology wikipedia , lookup
Sustainable landscaping wikipedia , lookup
Evolutionary history of plants wikipedia , lookup
Plant reproduction wikipedia , lookup
Plant Diversity 22-1 Introduction to Plants yoo-KAR-ee-ah-tik What is a Plant? Multicellular – more than 1 cell Eukaryotic – cells have a nucleus Cell walls made of cellulose Photosynthesis using chlorophyll a and b 22-1 Introduction to Plants guh-MEET-uh-fyt The Plant Life Cycle Haploid (N)-Gametophyte Gamate (sex cell) Producing Sex cells produced during meiosis Diploid (2N)-Sporophyte Spore Producing Produce a new individual by mitosis 22-1 Introduction to Plants Alternation of Generations 22-1 Introduction to Plants Overview of the Plant Kingdom Plants are divided into four groups based on these features: water-conducting tissues seeds Flowers Plants are also classified by other features, including reproductive structures and body plan. 22-1 Introduction to Plants Overview of the Plant Kingdom Four Main Groups of Land Plants •Bryophytes – mosses and their relatives •Pterophytes – ferns and their relatives •Gymnosperms – (naked seeds) cone bearing •Angiosperms – flowering plants 22-1 Introduction to Plants The Diversity of Plants Cone-bearing plants 760 species Ferns and their relatives 11,000 species Mosses and their relatives 15,600 species Flowering plants 235,000 species kuhk-SOH-nee-uh The First Plants The first true plants were dependent on water to complete their life cycles, similar to today’s mosses in that they were simple in structure and grew close to the ground. Cooksonia, a vascular plant 400 million years old BRY-oh-fyts 22-2 Bryophytes (mosses) Nonvascular plants Use spores to reproduce (seedless) Use osmosis to draw up water Water required for reproduction Gametophyte is the dominant generation Include moss, liverworts and hornworts 22-2 Bryophytes BRY-oh-fyts Groups of Bryophytes Moss Liverworts Hornworts 22-2 Bryophytes Asexual Reproductive Structure The Structure of a moss plant Diploid (2N) (spores) Sexual Reproductive/ Photosynthetic Structure Haploid (N) (sperm & egg) 22-2 Bryophytes Moss Life Cycle Drawing poly-TRY-cum 22-2 Bryophytes BRY-oh-fyts Life Cycle of Bryophytes During at least one stage of their life cycle, bryophytes produce sperm that must swim through water to reach eggs of other individuals. Therefore, they must live in places where there is rainfall or dew for at least part of the year 22-2 Bryophytes BRY-oh-fyts 22-2 Bryophytes bri-oh-FYT-uh Moss (Phylum Bryophyta) 22-2 Bryophytes arc-uh-GOH-nee-um Life Cycle of Bryophytes (moss) Gametophytes Capsule Archegonia Sporophytes Protonema 22-2 Bryophytes SFAG-num Human Uses of Mosses 1. Bryophytes were world’s only plants for 100 million years. 2. Peat bogs are made mostly of moss called sphagnum. They contain 400 billion tons of carbon and cut down the amount of greenhouse gases. Peat is harvested, dried, and used as a fuel. 3. Sphagnum is harvested for use as a soil conditioner and plant packing material. 22-2 Bryophytes SFAG-num Sphagnum, or peat moss 22-3 Seedless Vascular Plants TERH-oh-fy-tah Fern (Phylum Pterodphyta) Ferns have vascular tissues, strong roots, underground stems called rhizomes, and leaves called fronds. 22-3 Seedless Vascular Plants Life Cycle of Ferns •Sporophyte is dominant stage (bryophytes- dominant gametophyte) •Ferns are dispersed to new environments as spores; no seeds present 22-3 Seedless Vascular Plants Spoh-RAN-jee-uh Life Cycle of Ferns Fern sporophytes develop haploid spores on the underside of their fronds in structures called sporangia. Sporangia called sori. are grouped into clusters 22-3 Seedless Vascular Plants Life Cycle of Ferns 22-3 Seedless Vascular Plants Spoh-RAN-jee-uh Life Cycle of Ferns The Underside of a Fern Frond Sporangia Sorus 22-3 Seedless Vascular Plants Life Cycle of Ferns Sori SOH-ry 22-3 Seedless Vascular Plants SOHR-uhs Life Cycle of Ferns Sorus C.S. of Sorus 22-3 Seedless Vascular Plants Spoh-RAN-jee-um- Life Cycle of Ferns Sporangium Releasing Spores 22-3 Seedless Vascular Plants arc-uh-GOH-nee-uh Life Cycle of Ferns The antheridia and archegonia are found on the gametophyte. In ferns, fertilization requires water, which allows the sperm to swim to the eggs. 22-3 Seedless Vascular Plants guh-MEET-uh-fyts Life Cycle of Ferns Archegonia Contain Eggs Antheridia Contain Sperm Mature Gametophytes 22-3 Seedless Vascular Plants arc-uh-GOH-nee-uh Life Cycle of Ferns Archegonia Contain Eggs 22-3 Seedless Vascular Plants Life Cycle of Ferns Developing Sporophyte SPOH-ruh-fyt 22-3 Seedless Vascular Plants In just a few million years, plants grew taller and taller on the landscape. Q: What caused this increase in size? A: Vascular Tissue 22-3 Seedless Vascular Plants Evolution of Vascular Tissue Specialized tissue (groups of cells) that conduct water and nutrients through plant even against gravity. 22-3 Seedless Vascular Plants TRAY-kee-id Evolution of Vascular Tissue Tracheid Cells Hollow cells with thick cell walls that resist pressure They connect end to end to allow water to move efficiently. 22-3 Seedless Vascular Plants ZY-lum Evolution of Vascular Tissue Xylem Cells Carry water Upward from the roots to every part of the plant 22-3 Seedless Vascular Plants FLOH-um Evolution of Vascular Tissue Phloem Cells Transport nutrients and carbohydrates produced by photosynthesis From the leaves down to the roots 22-3 Seedless Vascular Plants Evolution of Vascular Tissue 22-3 Seedless Vascular Plants Evolution of Vascular Tissue Vascular plants also evolved the ability to produce lignin, a substance that makes cell walls rigid. The presence of lignin allows vascular plants to grow upright and tall 22-3 Seedless Vascular Plants Ferns and Their Relatives Seedless vascular plants include club moss, horsetails, and ferns. Like other vascular plants, ferns and their relatives have true roots, leaves, and stems. 22-3 Seedless Vascular Plants Roots Absorb water and minerals 22-3 Seedless Vascular Plants Leaves Collect light for photosynthesis 22-3 Seedless Vascular Plants Veins Made of xylem and phloem 22-3 Seedless Vascular Plants Stems Used for support, connect roots and leaves, carry water & minerals 22-4 Seed Plants 22-4 Seed Plants Seed plants are the most dominant group of photosynthetic organisms on land. 22-4 Seed Plants Seed plants are divided into two groups: Gymnosperms bear seeds directly on the surfaces of cones. Angiosperms, or flowering plants, bear seeds within a layer of tissue that protects the seed. 22-4 Seed Plants Gymnosperms include conifers, cycads, ginkgoes and gnetophytes. 22-4 Seed Plants Angiosperms include grasses, flowering trees, shrubs, and all species of flowers. 22-4 Seed Plants Reproduction without Water Unlike mosses and ferns, seed plants do not require water for fertilization of gametes. Q: Why was this an advantage? A: They can live further away from water 22-4 Seed Plants Reproduction without Water Adaptations that allow seed plants to reproduce without water include: flowers or cones the transfer of sperm by pollination the protection of embryos in seeds 22-4 Seed Plants Reproduction without Water Cones - seed bearing structure for gymnosperms Flowers - seed bearing structure of angiosperms Pollen grains - contain male gametophytes Seeds - embryo with seed coat and food supply Eaten and dispersed by animals or stick to fur Fossils from 30 million years ago 22-4 Seed Plants Cones Seed bearing structure of gymnosperms 22-4 Seed Plants Flowers Seed bearing structures of angiosperms 22-4 Seed Plants Pollen grain Contains male gamete (sperm) 22-4 Seed Plants Pollination Transfer of pollen from the male gametophyte to female gametophyte 22-4 Seed Plants A Bee With Pollen On It’s Leg 22-4 Seed Plants Seeds 22-4 Seed Plants Seed Embryo of plant Encased in a protective coat Surrounded by a food supply 22-4 Seed Plants Embryo Early development stage of plant Seed’s food supply provides nutrients as embryo grows 22-4 Seed Plants Seed Dispersal 22-4 Seed Plants Evolution of Seeds Plants Over a period of millions of years, continents became much drier, making it harder for seedless plants to survive and reproduce. For that reason, many moss and fern species became extinct. They were replaced by seed plants with adaptations that equipped them to deal with drier conditions. 22-4 Seed Plants Gynosperms – Cone Bearers Cone plants - oldest seed plants Bear their seeds directly on the surfaces of cones Ex.) conifers, cycads, ginkgoes and gnetophytes 22-4 Seed Plants Gymnosperms include conifers, cycads, ginkgoes and gnetophytes. 22-4 Seed Plants Gymnosperms Contains the oldest living plant – Bristle cone pine Contains the tallest living plant – Sequoia or redwood 22-4 Seed Plants NEE-toh-fyts Gynosperms – Cone Bearers 1) Gnetophytes - (gnetophyta): Ex. Welwitschia-Namibian desert with large, leathery leaves; spread across the ground Cycads - (Cycadophyta): Palm-link plants with large cones Appeared during Triassic Period (225 million yrs ago) Grow in tropical and subtropical places 22-4 Seed Plants Gynosperms – Cone Bearers 3) Ginkgoes - Only Ginkgo biloba currently exists 4) One of the oldest seed plant species alive today Cultivated in China and planted around temples Often planted in urban settings in U.S. due to resistance to air pollution Conifers - (Coniferophyta) Ex. Pines, spruces, firs, cedars, sequoias, redwoods Long, thin leaves (Ex. Pine needles)-reduces surface area, waxy layer Most are “evergreens” with cycling of needles 22-4 Seed Plants NEE-toh-fy-tuh Gnetophytes (Phylum Gnetophyta) Welwitschia mirabilis 22-4 Seed Plants SY-kad-oh-fy-tuh Cycads (Phylum Cycadophyta) 22-4 Seed Plants GING-koh-fy-tuh Ginkgoes (Phylum Ginkgophyta) 22-4 Seed Plants Koh-nif-ur-oh-FYT-uh Conifers (Phylum Coniferophyta) 22-5 Angiosperms – Flowering Plants Phylum Anthophyta “enclosed seed” Flowering plants Bear their seeds within a layer of tissue that protects the seed (fruit) Ex.) grasses, flowering trees shrubs, all species of flowers 22-5 Angiosperms – Flowering Plants Angiosperms include grasses, flowering trees, shrubs, and all species of flowers. 22-5 Angiosperms – Flowering Plants Flowers and Fruits Angiosperms have unique reproductive organs known as flowers. Q: Why are flowers great evolutionary adaptations? A: They attract animals that pollinate them 22-5 Angiosperms – Flowering Plants Flowers and Fruits Flowering plants originated on land and quickly came to dominate Earth’s plant life. The vast majority of living plant species reproduce with flowers. 22-5 Angiosperms – Flowering Plants 22-5 Angiosperms – Flowering Plants Flowers and Fruits Flowers contain ovaries, which surround and protect the seeds After pollination, the ovary develops into a fruit, which protects the seed and aids in its dispersal. 22-5 Angiosperms – Flowering Plants Fruit Ripened ovary thick wall of tissue surrounds the seed 22-5 Angiosperms – Flowering Plants Diversity of Angiosperms The angiosperms are an incredibly diverse group. There are many ways of categorizing these plants. Monocot vs. Dicot Woody vs. Herbaceous Annual vs. Biennial vs. Perennial 22-5 Angiosperms – Flowering Plants Monocots vs. Dicots Cotyledons – “seed leafs” in the embryo. Monocots have one seed leaf Dicots have two seed leafs 22-5 Angiosperms – Flowering Plants Monocots vs. Dicots Monocots Dicots Seeds Single cotyledon Two cotyledons Leaves Parallel veins Branched veins Flowers Floral parts often in multiples of 3 Floral parts often in multiples of 4 or 5 Stems Vascular bundles scattered throughout stem Vascular bundles arranged in a ring Roots Fibrous roots Taproot 22-5 Angiosperms – Flowering Plants Woody vs. Herbaceous plants – have woody stems trees, shrubs, vines Woody 22-5 Angiosperms – Flowering Plants Woody vs. Herbaceous Herbaceous stems are smooth and nonwoody dandelions, tomatoes, and sunflowers 22-5 Angiosperms – Flowering Plants Annuals, Biennials & Perennials Annuals - Complete a life-cycle within one growing season Ex. Marigolds, petunias, pansies, zinnias, wheat and cucumbers 22-5 Angiosperms – Flowering Plants Annuals, Biennials & Perennials Biennials - Complete life cycle in 2 years Year 1- germinate and grow roots & very short stems Year 2 - Grow new stems and leaves and produce flowers and seeds Ex. Carrots, primrose, parsley, celery 22-5 Angiosperms – Flowering Plants Annuals, Biennials & Perennials Perennials - Live for more than 2 years Ex. Asparagus, grasses - herbaceous Ex. Maple trees-woody stem Chapter 22 Review 1. Bryophytes – liverworts, hornworts, mosses - Bryophytes have no vascular tissues. - Bryophytes live in damp/moist environments and are small so they don’t need vascular tissue. They are sometimes called non-vascular plants. -Gametophyte is the dominant recognizable stage in the life cycle of bryophytes (does most of the plant’s photosynthesis) - The rest three groups are all vascular plants. - Vascular plants have cells that are joined to produce tubes that transport water and nutrients throughout the plant. Vascular plants do not rely on water for reproduction Chapter 22 Review The vascular plants are, in order of their evolution: 2. Pteridophytes – ferns, horsetails, lycophytes a. seedless plants 3. Gymnosperms – conifers, ginkgo, cycads, gnetopsids a. early seed plants b. produce naked seeds 4. Angiosperms – flowering plants a. seeds protected by growing in ovaries b. majority of modern plants are in this group Sporophyte is the dominant recognizable stage in the life cycle of Vascular (do most of the plant’s photosynthesis 22-1 Introduction to Plants Cladogram of Plant Groups Section 22-1 Flowering Plants Cone-bearing plants Ferns and their relatives Mosses and their relatives Flowers; Seeds Enclosed in Fruit Seeds Green Algae Ancestors Water-Conducting (Vascular) Tissue (shows evolutionary relationships)