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Kingdom Plantae
Biology 11
Kingdom Plantae
Multi-cellular
 Autotrophic
 Eukaryotic
 Cell walls made of cellulose
 Store food in the form of starch

 Have
chloroplasts containing
chlorophyll
 Most are terrestrial, some are
aquatic
Prepare a table to compare
Nonvascular and Vascular
Non-vascular
Vessels
(xylem and
phloem)
Leaves,
roots, stems
Examples
Vascular
Nonvascular
 No
vessels
 No roots
 No stems
 No leaves
 Ex: Mosses and
liverworts
Vascular
 Have
vessels to
transport food and
water
 They have roots,
stems and leaves
 Ex: grass, corn,
trees, flowers,
bushes
 Xylem:
transports water
 Phloem: transports food & nutrients
Vascular Plants can be sub-divided
into Seedless vs Seed Plants

Seedless plants (e.g., ferns) have a vascular
system but reproduce using spores.
Seed Plants can be further
subdivided into
Gymnosperms and Angiosperms
Gymnosperms
Type of
protection
for seed
Type of
leaves
Growing
season
Type of
pollination
Examples
Angiosperms
Seed Plants
Gymnosperms
 Cone-bearing plants
 “naked seeds” = seeds that
are not enclosed.
 needle-like leaves
 usually stay green year
round
 wind pollinated
 Examples: pine trees & other
evergreens

Seed Plants








Angiosperms
Flowering plants
Seeds are enclosed, usually in a
fruit
Have finite growing seasons
Most are pollinated by birds & bees
The most successful group of plants
Examples: grasses, tulips, oaks
Divided into two main groups:
Monocots & Dicots
Angiosperms can be further
subdivided into Monocots and
Dicots
Monocot
Number of
Cotyledons
Type of leaf
veins
Type of root
Arrangement
of vessels
Examples
Dicot
Monocots
1 seed leaf (cotyledon)
 parallel veins on leaves
 3 part symmetry for
flowers
 fibrous roots
 Vascular tissue
scattered
 Example: lilies, onions,
corn, grasses, wheat

Dicots
2 seed leaves
(cotyledons)
 net veins on leaves
 flowers have 4-5 parts
 taproots
 Vascular tissue arranged
in a ring
 Examples: trees and
ornamental flowers

Success of Angiosperms
Transport gametes over great distances.
 Efficient dispersal via fruit.
 Tough, water resistant leaves for survival
in hostile environments.

Pollination
Co-evolution between
flowers and
pollinators.
 Birds are attracted to
red flowers.
 Bees can see colors
that humans cannot.
 Moth-pollinated
flowers are white and
bloom at night.

Many insects are attracted to
odors. One species smells like
rotting meat and is pollinated by
flies.
 Flowers are often shaped so that
non-pollinators cannot reach
nectar or pollen. For example,
hummingbird-pollinated flowers
are long, and shaped like the bill
of a hummingbird.
 Wind-pollinated flowers are small,
have no petals and little color and
do not produce nectar.

Problems living in a terrestrial
ecosystem

Support - in water, the plant is held up.
On land, a support system is required.
Getting Water and Nutrients
Aquatic plants are surrounded by water and
nutrients so most cells can just absorb them the
environment. Terrestrial plants require a system for
collecting and transporting water.
 Plants developed root systems that can collect and
transport water. Some plants have shallow roots
which spread out to collect water.
 Water carrying minerals from the roots can travel
to all parts of the plant and food made in the
leaves can travel to non-photosynthetic parts of the
plant.

Drying Out
Leaves are covered by a
waterproof outer layer
called the cuticle.
 Openings in the leaves
called stomata allow
passage of gases for
photosynthesis but can be
closed when it is too
warm.
 Gymnosperms have very
narrow leaves to minimize
water loss.

Spreading Gametes
Spores – tiny reproductive cells are carried
long distance by the wind
 Seeds:

– The embryo inside the seed is surrounded by a
tough, drought-resistant, protective seed coat.
Food packaged in the seed provides energy for
the young plant until it can grow above the soil
and begin photosynthesizing.
– Adaptations of seeds help in their dispersal.
Some seeds are carried by wind, stick to the fur
of animals or are eaten.
Today’s Work
Complete the Monocot/Dicot colouring
with the large lily on the back
YOU SHOULD BE VERY FAMILIAR WITH
THIS COLOURING FOR THE UNIT TEST!
1.