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All about
Plants!
The importance of plants…..
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Primary source of food
Major producers of
oxygen
Keep us cool
Renew the air
Slow down the wind
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Hold soil in place
Provide a home for
wildlife
Beautify our
surroundings
Perfume the air
Furnish building
materials and fuel
Objective A
Students will be able to
identify parts of the plants
and discuss their functions;
Major Plant Parts
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Vegetative Parts:
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Roots
Stems
Leaves
Reproductive Parts:
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Flowers
Roots Functions
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Absorb water and
nutrients
Anchor plant and
support the
aboveground part of
plant
Store food to be used
later
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Need to grow
constantly for plant
to stay healthy
First structure to
form from seed
Plant health is closely
tied to root health
Root Structure
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Primary Root- first
root to grow from the
seed.
Secondary Roots –
grow from primary root
Both have Root Hairs –
they help anchor the
plant, absorb water &
nutrients
Root Structure
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Apical Meristem
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Root Cap: Covers and
protects apical meristem as it
pushes through soil particles
Epidermis: Where water
and minerals enter root
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Root Hairs: Projections that
increase root surface area
allowing greater moisture and
nutrient uptake
Root Systems
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Fibrous Root :A
system that has no
dominant primary
root
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Taproot: A system
composed of one
primary root and
many secondary
roots that branch
off
Root Nodules
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Swellings (bumps) on the roots
Rhizobium bacteria live in these bumps
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they take nitrogen from the air and combine it
with oxygen to make it useable to the plant
puts nitrogen in the soil so that crops that grow
there later may use the nitrogen
Legumes
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Legumes are the group of plants that can do
this
Soybeans, clover, alfalfa, beans, peas
Root Health
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Healthy Roots: Roots are white or nearly
white, and smell fresh.
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Unhealthy Roots: Roots are black, brown, or
dark orange and smell rotten and sour.
Root Health
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Watering properly drastically affects the
plant’s health
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Drainage holes in the pot
Soaked with water until it drains out the bottom
encourages plant growth throughout the entire pot
Allow soil to dry slightly between waterings
Stems
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All stems look very similar, but upon
closer observation there are many
differences!
Functions of Stems
Support leaves, and position them so
they can receive as much sunlight as
possible
 Responsible for size and shape of plant
 Move water, minerals, and
manufactured food throughout whole
plant
 Green stems produce food through
photosynthesis
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Stems
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External Structures:
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Terminal Bud: Bud located at end
of stem
Apical Meristem: Contained inside
terminal bud; responsible for stem
growth.
Node: Place where leaves are
attached to stem
Internode: Area between nodes
Stems
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External Structures:
Lateral Buds: Buds located on
side branches
 Bud Scales: Protective
structures located on outside of
terminal and lateral buds
 Lenticels: Small spots on stem
that allow a stem to exchange
gases with its environment
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Stems
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Internal Structures:
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3 Types of Tissues used for transport of materials
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Xylem, Phloem, and Cambium
Arranged by
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Small bundles scattered throughout stem
OR
Rings or a ring of bundles
Stems
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Internal Structures:
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Xylem: Tissue responsible for carrying water and nutrients
from roots to leaves; located near center of stem
Xylem Up!!
Phloem: Tissue responsible for carrying food produced in leaf
to rest of plant; usually located near outside of stem
Phloem Down!!
Stems
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Internal Structures:
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Cambium: Tissue responsible for the production of
new xylem and phloem. It is found between the xylem
and phloem.
Specialized Stems
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Bulbs: Short flattened
stem which has several
fleshy leaves. Bulbs
are found beneath the
soil.
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Example: Onions
Corm: Spherical structure
similar to a bulb
 Example: Gladiolus
Specialized Stems
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Rhizome: Thick
underground stem which
lies horizontally.
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Example: Mother in
Law’s Tongue
Stolon: Horizontal stem
which lies above the
ground (often called
runners).
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Example: Strawberry
runners
Specialized Stems
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Tuber: Rhizome with a tip swollen with stored
food
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Example: Potatoes
Leaves
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Functions
Produce food for the plants
 Efficiently collect light and use that
light to make energy
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Activity #2
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Supplies Needed:
 1 leaf
 1 piece of paper
 1 crayon
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Instructions
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Using the crayon and rub the image of the leaf in
the middle of the page.
Label Your Picture
Leaf Parts
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Leaf Blade: Large, broad, flat surface whose
job is to collect sunlight
Petiole: supports the leaf and holds it away from
the stem.
Midrib: Main vein running down the center of
the leaf. It helps hold the leaf so it is facing the
sun.
Vein Patterns
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Parallel: Veins never cross; found in monocots
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Netted: Veins form a network; found in dicots
Leaf Types
Simple Leaf: Has only one leaf on the petiole.
Compound Leaf: A leaf with multiple blades.
Leaf Layers
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Cuticle: Top
waxy, noncellular part of
leaf; prevents
water escaping
Epidermis:
Skin like layer of
cells found on
top and bottom;
protects leaf
Leaf Layers
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Palisade Mesophyll:
Layer of cells standing
on end directly below
upper epidermis;
responsible for
photosynthesis
Spongy Mesophyll:
Loosely packed cells
located beneath
palisade mesophyll;
responsible for
holding products of
photosynthesis
Leaf Layers
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Stomata:
Holes in lower
epidermis
responsible for
gas exchange.
Guard Cells:
Surround
stomata's
which open
and close
them.
Objective B
Determine the importance
of photosynthesis,
respiration, and
transpiration.
Photosynthesis
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Photosynthesis: A chemical process by which
a plant turns light energy from the sun into
chemical energy in the form of sugar.
Water + Carbon dioxide
Sugar and Oxygen
Photosynthesis
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Palisade layer -- full of cells containing
Chloroplasts
Chloroplasts -- where light dependent
reaction takes place
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Plants don’t photosynthesize.
Chloroplasts do! Plants just
happen to be lucky enough to
have chloroplasts in their
cells.
Respiration
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Cellular Respiration: The opposite of
photosynthesis. This process breaks sugars
down so plants can use them.
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Similar to digestion in animals.
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Takes place in a place in the cell called the
mitochondria.
Respiration
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How are photosynthesis and
respiration important to us as human
beings?
Transpiration
Loss of water from a plant
 Lost mostly by the leaves
 Water goes out of leaves through
stomata
 Too much water loss damages plants
 Every plant is different
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Objective C
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Determine the difference
between monocots and dicots
Plant Classification
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Non Flowering
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Ferns
Cone-Producers
(Conifers)
Plant Classification
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Flowering
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Monocots
Dicots
Monocots
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Leaves have parallel Veins
Fibrous Roots
Flower parts in 3’s
Seed has one part (cotyledon)
Vascular bundles are scattered
Dicots
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Leaves have branched Veins
Tap Roots
Flower parts in 4’s & 5’s
Seed has two parts (cotyledons)
Vascular bundles are in a ring
Objective D
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Identify flower anatomy
and functions
Flower Anatomy - Male
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Stamen: Male
part of flower
Filament: Stalklike object in the
stamen that holds
up anther
Anther: Sacklike structure that
contains pollen.
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Pistil: Female
part of flower
Stigma: Sticky
part of pistil
receptive to
pollen.
Style: Rodshaped middle
part that has a
swollen base
(ovary)
containing eggs
Flower Anatomy –
Female
Flower Anatomy –
Female cont.
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Ovary: Female
reproductive organ
Ovule:
Reproductive cell
which becomes the
seed when fertilized
by pollen.
Flower Anatomy – neither male
or female
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Petals: Colorful
leaf-like structures
that attract
animals and
insects
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Calyx: When
all sepals are
fused together
Flower Anatomy – neither male
or female
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Sepals: Green
leaves that
protect flower
before it opens
Peduncle: Stem
Sexual Reproduction in
Plants:
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Two parents (meiosis)
1. The stamen releases pollen.
2. Pollen is carried by wind, gravity, animals, or
insects to the stigma of another flower. (This is
when pollination occurs)
3. Pollen moves from stigma down pollen tube in
the style depositing sperm in ovary
Sexual Reproduction in
Plants:
4. When sperm has been deposited in ovary, fertilization
has occurred.
5. When eggs have been fertilized, ovary and surrounding
tissue start to enlarge to become fruit and fertilized
eggs become seeds.
Flowers
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Flower Types:
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Perfect Flower: Has both male and female
parts
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Imperfect Flower: Flower that is missing
either male or female parts
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Complete Flower: Flowers that have sepals,
petals, pistils, and stamens
Flowers
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Flower Types:
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Incomplete Flowers: When flower is missing sepals,
petals, pistils, or stamen.
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Imperfect Flowers are always incomplete.
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Incomplete flowers may or may not be imperfect
Objective E
Explain plant life cycle
Plant Life Cycle
Annual
 Biennial
 Perennial
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Annuals
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Completes a life cycle in 1
year
Grow, mature, bloom,
produce seeds & die
Summer Annuals –
complete cycle during
spring & summer
Winter Annuals –
complete cycle during fall
& winter
Annual Example:
Zinnia
Biennial
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2 years to complete its
life cycle
1st year – vegetative
structure & food storage
Over winter it goes
dormant
2nd year produces
flowers, fruit & seed
Biennial Example:
Carrots
Perennial
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Live 2 or more years
Herbaceous perennials
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soft, non-woody stems
die back to the ground
each winter
New stems grow from
the plant's crown each
spring.
Woody Perennials
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Trees & shrubs
Withstand cold winter
temperatures
Perennial
Example:
Trees & Shrubs