Download Plants

Kingdom
Plantae
Main Characteristics
• Cells contain a nucleus
• Make their own food
• Cells contain a cell wall
• Multicellular
• Can not move from place to place
Types of Plants
1. Nonvascular Plants
• Do NOT have conducting tissue (pipes) to transport water
and nutrients.
• These plants are small and use diffusion and osmosis to
move materials.
• Examples: mosses and liverworts
2. Vascular Plants
• Contain conducting tissue (pipes) to deliver needed
materials throughout the plant.
• Vascular plants can be any size
Types of Vascular Plants
1. Plants without seeds.
• Help form soil and prevent erosion
• Examples: ferns, horsetails and club mosses
2. Plants with seeds.
• Have a two part life cycle
• sporophyte - produce spores
• gametophyte - produce sex cells
Types of Seed Plants
1. Gymnosperms
• Non-flowering or fruit bearing plants
• Produce cones instead of flowers and fruits.
• Example: Conifers
2. Angiosperms
• Flowering plants
• Use flowers (attract animals) and fruits (protect seeds)
for reproduction.
• Flowering plants provide food for animals.
Seed Structure
Cotyledon - a seed leaf. Provides food for the
embryo before it can makes its own food.
Types of Angiosperms
1. Monocots
• Contains 1 seed leaf (cotyledon)
• Flower parts in threes
• Leaves with parallel veins
• Vascular tissue scattered
• Examples: grasses, onions, lillies, palms
2. Dicots
• Contains 2 seed leaves (cotyledons)
• Flower parts in fours or fives
• Leaves with branching veins
• Vascular tissue in a ring
• Examples: roses, cactuses, sunflowers, peanuts
Differences between monocots
and dicots
Plant Kingdom
can be
Nonvascular
Vascular
may
such as
produce seeds
NOT produce seeds
mosses and liverworts
such as
in
flowers
cones
(Angiosperms) (Gymnosperms)
can be
Monocot
Dicot
such as
Pine trees, evergreens
ferns
horsetails
club mosses
Angiosperm Structure
Angiosperms are made up of:
• Roots
• Stems
• Leaves
• Flowers
Stamen
Pistil
Petal
Flower
Sepal
Leaves
Roots
Stems
Roots
Main Functions:
• Supply plant with water and minerals that
are absorbed from the soil
• Support and anchor plant
• Store food made during photosynthesis
Root Types
1. Tap Root •One main root growing down with smaller
roots coming off.
•Example: carrots
2. Fibrous Root • Several roots that are the same size.
• Example: grass
Stems
Main Functions:
• Support plant body
• Some stems can store materials.
• Example: cactus stores water
• Transport materials between roots and leaves
• Xylem - carries water and minerals upward from
the roots
• Phloem - carries food downward to roots for
storage and to other parts of the plant
Stem Types
1. Herbaceous
• Soft, flexible plant
2. Woody
• Rigid stems made of
wood and bark
Monocot
Dicot
1 cotyledon 2 cotyledons
Monocot
Parts in 3’s
Dicot
Monocot
Parallel veins
Dicot
In a ring
Dicot
Parts in 4’s or
5’s
Net-veined
Monocot
Scattered
Monocot
fibrous
Dicot
taproot
Leaves
Main Functions:
• Capture sunlight to make food
Parts of the Leaf:
• Cuticle - waxy covering that protects against water loss
• Chloroplasts - contain chlorophyll to capture sunlight
• Veins - Move water, food and nutrients through xylem
and phloem
• Stomata - openings under the leaf to let in carbon dioxide
and give off water and oxygen.
• Guard cells - open and close the stomata
Leaf
Structure
Stomata
Guard cell
Flowers
Main Functions: Used for sexual reproduction
Parts of the Flower
• Sepal - protects immature flower when it is a bud
• Petals - attract insects and animals
• Stamen - male reproductive parts
Anther - produces pollen grains
Filament - thin stalk, that anther sits on
Parts of the Flower Continued
•Pistil - female reproductive parts
Stigma - collects pollen
Style- pollen travels down to reach egg
Ovary - develops into the fruit
• Ovule - inside the ovary; contains the egg.
Develops into a seed after fertilization.
pistil
stamen
anther
stigma
pollen grains
pollen tube
filament
style
ovary
ovule
Flower Project
Using the flower books provided:
• Choose a flower
• Draw a picture of the plant
•Label the parts
• Describe their main function
• Name of the plant
•Your name & class period
Pollination & Fertilization
1. What type of reproduction occurs in
flowering plants?
- sexual reproduction
- egg and sperm are needed
- offspring look different than parents
pistil
stamen
stigma
pollen
style
ovary
Self-pollination
anther
Cross-pollination
2. What is pollination?
- Pollination occurs when pollen grains are
transported from anthers to stigmas.
- Self-pollination: egg and sperm from the
same plant
- Cross-pollination: egg and sperm from
different plants
3. What has to happen in order for fertilization
to occur?
- The sperm inside the pollen must get from
stigma to ovary.
- A pollen tube forms from stigma to ovary.
4. What is fertilization?
- Fertilization occurs when the sperm from the
pollen grain fuses (joins) with the egg inside
the ovule.
5. What takes place after fertilization?
- The ovule develops into a seed.
- The ovary develops into a fruit.
6. What are dormant seeds?
- They are seeds that are inactive (not
growing or developing).
7. What does a seed need to grow?
- water
- oxygen
- proper temperature
8. What is germination?
- Germination is the sprouting of a seed.
Germination
9. How do plants reproduce asexually?
- root or stem can become a new plant
(vegetative propagation)
Examples:
- cuttings: using part of stem or root
- runners: stems that run along the ground
and buds grow off it.
- plantlets: tiny plants grow on leaves
A
B
D
E
C
F
G
Bonus:
1. A and B from above make up the _________.
2. D,E, F from above make up the _________.
10. What is a tropism?
- growth in response to a stimulus
Examples:
phototropism: response to light
gravitropism: response to gravity
Photosynthesis
1. What is needed for photosynthesis?
- sunlight (chloroplasts in leaves)
- carbon dioxide (stomata in leaves)
- water (absorbed by roots)
2. What does chlorophyll do?
- chlorophyll absorbs sunlight in the leaves
3. What is the equation for photosynthesis?
Sunlight + 6 CO2 + 6 H2O ----> C6H12O6 + 6 O2
sunlight + carbon dioxide + water ---> sugar + oxygen
Excess sugar travels down phloem to be stored in the roots.
4. What is cellular respiration?
- Converts the energy stored in food into a form of
energy the plant can use.
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 ---->
6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy
5. What is transpiration?
- Water loss from leaves through stomata.