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PLP 3104 FUNDAMENTALS OF ENTOMOLOGY PROF MADYA DR. NUR AZURA BINTI ADAM Ketua Jabatan Perlindungan Tumbuhan, Tingkat 2, Block E, Tel: 0389474922/0193031072 [email protected] TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE ON INSECT 1. 2. 3. 4. Miilipede/gonggok is an insect. T/F Insect can smell. T/F All insects can fly. T/F Which one is an insect? A B TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE ON INSECT 5. Name one type of insect’s legs 6. What does it mean by crepuscular insect? 7. Insects have 3-5 pairs of legs. T/F 8. Does insect has bone? Y/N 9. Legs of an insect is located on the abdomen. T/F 10. What is spermatheca? INSECT OVERVIEW & THE ENVIRONMENT • General view of insects • Why insects is successful • The importance of insects – Examples WHY STUDY INSECTS?? • ESTIMATION: 2 MILL. ANIMAL SPECIES • >70% ARE INSECTS SPECIES Why so successful? • 1) Exoskeleton – Outside of the body unlike vertebrate – Gives shape & support to soft tissues – protection from attack or injury – minimizes the loss of body fluids in both arid and freshwater environments (has wax) – assures mechanical advantage to muscles for strength and agility in movement. Why so successful? •2) small size •Fairyflies (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) 33 cm: stick insect •no more than 0.139 mm in length. goliath beetle: 100 g Why so successful? • Being small, exoskeleton also small • Being big, exosk. must be big: HEAVY!!!!! • minimal resources needed for survival and reproduction Leafminer mealybugs • Easy to hide from predator • hide in the cracks of a rock, beneath the bark of a tree, behind the petal of a flower Mole cricket • 3) Flight – the only invertebrate that can fly – highly effective mode of escape from predators – efficient means of transportation, allowing populations to expand more quickly into new habitats The migratory locust, Schistocerca gregaria, can fly for up to 9 hours without stopping • 4) reproductive potential – Produce large number of eggs – High fertility (most eggs hatch) – Short life cycle – Female have spermatheca for sperm storage – Asexual reproduction (aphids,thrips,scale insects: males are absent) • 5) metamorphosis – 86% insect species undergo complete metamorphosis – immatures and adults (imago) may consume different types of food, exploit different environmental resources, and even occupy different habitats. – Eg: butterfly: larva consumes leaves, adult comsumes nectar • 6) adaptation of appendages – Various type of mouth(piercing, sucking,chewing) – Consume various type of food THE IMPORTANCE • 1) PEST of crops/food/other products a • 2) VECTORS of diseases: i) Malaria (Anopheles spp., female)- protozoa Plasmodium falciparum – ii) Dengue: Aedes aegypti Virus Flavivirus Chikungunya: Aedes sp. – iii) Enteric diseases (Bacterial and viral infections of the gastrointestinal tract) • • Eg: Cholera, Typhoid Fever Usually by housefly: fecal contamination of food and water – iv) Sleeping sickness (Africa) • A bite from Tsetse fly: protozoa Trypanosoma brucei • 3) POLLINATOR : for plants Halictid bee Honey bee • 4) Food source for animals/human • 5) Decomposers (dung beetle, flies etc.) • 6) Bioindicator of stream health – Dragonfly spp • 7) Biotic indicator for Forensic Entomology – Some flies, spp. colonizing human corpse • 8) Production – Honey & Wax (Apis mellifera) – Silk (silkworm (Bombyx mori) – Cochneal (red dye) (Scale insect) – Shellac (Scale insect) • 9) Medical purposes – Maggots (Diabetic patient):"blow flies (Calliphoridae) – Anticoagulant (Black flies) : keep laboratory blood specimens from clotting