Download November 12 - Montana State University Billings

PCP Day
Portulacaceae
Caryophyllaceae
Polygonaceae
Haiku
a form of Japanese poetry with 17 syllables in three unrhymed lines of
five, seven, and five syllables, often describing nature or a season.
Some of these poems below are written in the style of haiku.
• First Day of Spring
• I keep thinking about
• The end of Autumn
•
• That seed is so small
• Making roots below dark earth
• Green shoots taste cold wind
• Glacier grinding
• Slowly approaching ocean
• Does it fear the sea?
• A caterpillar,
this deep in fall-still not a butterfly.
• "When the bold branches
Bid farewell to rainbow leaves
Welcome wool sweaters."
- B. Cybrill
Portulacaceae
• Portulacaceae is a family of angiosperms
(flowering plants,) comprising about 20
genera with 450 species, ranging from
herbaceous plants to shrubs. The family
has been recognized by most
taxonomists, and is also known as the
purslane family.
Portulacaceae
• This family has a cosmopolitan
distribution, with the highest diversity in
semi-arid regions of the Southern
Hemisphere in Africa, Australia, and South
America, especially in the Andes
mountains. A few species also extend
north into Arctic regions. This family is
also especially diverse in western North
America.
Portulacaceae
• The APG II system (2003; unchanged
from the APG system of 1998) assigns it
to the order Caryophyllales in the clade
core eudicots.
Portulacaceae
• Usually succulent in habit with mucilage cells
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common.
Leaves are opposite or alternate and sprial,
simple, entire with pinnate venation.
Stipules usually present.
Inflorescences determinate.
Flowers usually bisexual and radial.
Ovary superior to inferior.
Fruit usually a loculicidal or circumscissile
capsule.
Portulaceae
• Major genera worldwide include:
• Portulaca (125 spp.), Cistanthe (35),
Phemeranthus (30), Claytonia (30),
Lewisia (16), and Talinum (15).
Portulaceaeae
• Genera in Montana (Dorn 1984):
• Claytonia (6 spp.), Lewisia (4 ),
• Montia (2), Montiastrum (2), Portulaca (1),
Spraguea (1).
Claytonia lanceolata Pursh.
Family: Portulacaceae
Western spring beauty of moist foothills to alpine in Montana.
Claytonia megarhiza
Family: Portulacaceae
Alpine spring beaty of talus slopes of mid to high mountains
and alpine areas of Montana.
Claytonia sibirica L.
Family: Portulacaceae
Siberian springbeauty of moist, usually shady places, lowlands to
mid-elevations in the mountains of Montana (native).
Lewisia rediviva Pursh
Family: Portulacaceae
Bitter-root (Montana State Flower) Gravelly to dry, heavy soil,
commonly on lithosol, from sagebrush plains to mid-elevations
in the mountains
Lithosol
• thin soil consisting of rock
fragments: a soil with poorly defined
layers horizons that consists mainly of
partially weathered rock fragments
Lewisia triphylla (Wats.) Robins.
Family: Portulacaceae
Three-leaf bitterroot of open, usually sandy areas where
vernally moist; ponderosa pine forests to sub-alpine meadows
Vernally Moist Means???
• Vernal ponds, otherwise known as
ephemeral wetlands, do not contain fish
yet provide critical habitat to wood frogs,
spotted salamanders, fairy shrimp, and
many other animal and plant species
including Lewisia triphylla (three-leaf
bitterroot). Vernal ponds usually contain
water only during a portion of the year.
Lewisia pygmaea (Gray) Robins.
Family: Portulacaceae
Alpine bitterroot - Open, often gravelly, moist to rather
dry areas, mid- to high elevations in the mountains.
Lewisia columbiana
Family: Portulacaceae
Columbia bitterroot - Exposed gravelly or rocky slopes and rock crevices
Montia chamissoi
Family: Portulacaceae
Water miners’-lettuce - Wet areas, often in water,
from the lowlands to mid-elevations in the mountains
Portulaca oleracea L.
Family: Portulacaceae
Common Purslane is an annual weed in the garden.
It is edible.
Spraguea umbellata Torrey
Family: Portulacaceae
Umbellata pussy paws occurs in Ponderosa pine woods
to sub-alpine ridges. Syn Cistanthe umbellata
Circumscissile Capsule
Common in Portulacaceae
• Splitting or opening
along a
circumference, with
the top coming off as
a lid: a circumscissile
seed capsule.
Loculicidal capsule
Less common in Portulacaceae
• A Loculicidal Capsule is a dry dehiscent fruit,
splitting along the locule (midrib of each ovary).
Caryophyllaceae
• The Pink Family This is quite a large plant
family with about 2200 species in 70 genera.
They are mainly temperate herbaceous plants,
and include many popular garden plants - the
Pinks, Carnations and Sweet William (Dianthus),
Baby's Breath (Gypsophila), Campions and
Catchflies (Silene and Lychnis) and Sandworts
(Arenaria), as well as a number of weeds,
including several types of Chickweed (Stellaria),
Mouse-Ear (Cerastium) and Pearlwort (Sagina).
Caryophyllaceae
• Widespread, but especially characteristic
of temperate and warm temperate regions
of the Northern Hemisphere, mostly of
open habitats or disturbed sites.
• They seem to do particularly well on
alkaline soils.
• The plants of this family are relatively
uniform, so are easily recognized.
Caryophyllaceae
• The family is best known for ornamentals
such as carnations, baby’s breath,
soapwort, and campion.
Caryphyllaceae
• Leaves and stems - The stems are usually
herbaceous, dying back to a crown in winter,
although some are evergreen, and some are
shrubby with persistent woody rootstocks. The
leaves are almost always undivided and
opposite, and the stem is swollen and easily
broken at the nodes. The leaf bases are often
joined around the joints to make them
perfoliate, but there are usually no stipules.
Caryphyllaceae
• Flowers - The flowers are regular, with a
calyx of four or five free or joined lobes.
There are also bracts under the flowers,
particularly in Dianthus. The flowers have
four or five free petals, often notched or
deeply cut. There are usually twice as
many stamens as petals.
Caryophyllaceae
• Seeds - The ovary is superior, and the
fruit is a capsule containing many seeds.
The seeds are variable. In some species
they are round balls, and in others they
are more like flat discs.
Caryophyllaceae
• Members of this Family usually have:
• Swollen leaf joints
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Simple undivided leaves
A calyx with five lobes
No stipules
Flowers with four or five petals
White, pink or red flowers - rarely yellow, but
never blue
and are usually short annual or perennial herbs
But I’ve Seen Blue Carnations
• Various colors are created in carnations by
dyeing. This is how florists achieve blue and
green shades. There are two ways carnations
are colored, they are stem dyed or sprayed.
Stem dying involves cutting the stems on the
carnation and placing them in a bucket of dye
with the desired color. The white flowers drink
the dye and the flower exudes the color.
Occasionally carnations are sprayed with a floral
dye as another coloring technique.
Blue Carnations
Caryophyllaceae
• In this Family, the superior ovary usually has
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only one chamber, and contains many seeds.
The capsule usually opens with several points,
like an icing nozzle.
Caryophyllaceae
• Genera in Montana (Dorn 1984):
• Agrostemma, Arenaria (12 spp.),
Cerastium, Dianthus, Gypsophila,
Holosteum, Lychnis,Paronychia, Sagina,
Saponaria, Silene, Spergula, Spergularia,
Stellaria, Vaccaria
Agrostemma githago
Family: Caryophyllaceae
Common corncockle - Introduced and well established in Washington and
Oregon, less common in Idaho and Montana Roadsides and wasteland.
Arenaria obtusiloba
Family: Caryophyllaceae
Syn Minuartia obtusiloba
Alpine sandwort – Sub-alpine to alpine ridges and talus slopes
Cerastium arvense L.
Family: Caryophyllaceae
Field chickweed – plains to alpine throughout the state.
Dianthus barbatus L.
Family: Caryophyllaceae
Sweet William - Introduced ornamental that ocassionally escapes
from gardens in western Montana.
Habitat: Wasteland and disturbed soil.
Gypsophila paniculata L.
Family: Caryophyllaceae
Baby’s breath - Introduced in the northern half of the United States
Noxious weed in eastern Washington and Idaho.
Lychnis coronaria (L.) Desr.
Family: Caryophyllaceae
Rose campion - Introduced ornamental that occasionally escapes
and persists in Montana and Wyoming. Roadsides, railroads
and wastelands.
Saponaria officinalis L.
Family: Caryophyllaceae
Soapwort - Introduced throughout the United States; Roadsides and
waste ground.
Silene menziesii Hook.
Family: Caryophyllaceae
Menzie’s campion – native to woods, slopes, and stream banks.
Polygonaceae
• The Buckwheat Family - a family of
flowering plants also known as the
"knotweed family" or "smartweed family".
The name is based on the genus
Polygonum. Some well known members
include Eriogonum (buckwheat), Rumex
(sorrel), Rheum (rhubarb), and Polygonum
(Knotweed).
Polygonaceae
• The family is named for the many swollen
node joints that some species have; poly
means many and goni means knee or
joint, though some interpret goni to mean
seed, and the name then would refer to
the many seeds these plants often
produce.
Polygonaceae
• According to our text, the family consists of 43
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genera, totaling about 1100 species. Numerically
the most important are Eriogonum (250
species), Polygonum (200 species), Rumex (200
species), Coccoloba (120 species), and
Calligonum (80 species).
The family is present worldwide, but are most
differentiated in temperate regions.
Polygonaceae
• Herbs, shrubs, trees, or vines, the nodes
are often swollen. Usually with tanins,
often with oxalic acid. Leaves usually
alternate, simple, and spiral. Leaves
usually entire, with pinnate venation and
with a peculiar pair of sheathing stipules
known as ocreae.
Polygonaceae
• The flowers are normally bisexual, small in
size, radial (actinomorphic) with calyces of
3 or 6 imbricate sepals. After flowering the
sepals often become membranous and
enlarge around the developing fruit.
Flowers lack a corolla and the sepals are
petal-like and colorful.
Polygonaceae
• The androecium is composed of 3 to 8
stamens that are normally free or united
at the base. Flowers with compound pistils
composed of three united carpels with one
locule - producing a single ovule. The
ovary is superior with basal placentation,
and 2 to 4 stigmas are produced.
Polygonaceae
• Genera in Montana (Dorn 1984):
• Erigonum, Koenigia, Oxyria, Polygonum,
• Rumex
Rheum x cultorum
Family: Polygonaceae
Garden rhubarb
Erigonum annuum Nutt.
Family: Polygonaceae
Annual wild buckwheat
Eriogonum umbellatulm Torrey
Family: Polygonaceae
Sulfur flower buckwheat - sagebrush deserts
to alpine rocky ridges
Eriogonum pauciflorum Pursh
Family: Polygonaceae
Few flowered buckwheat
Koenigia islandica L.
Family: Polygonaceae
Iceland purslane
Oxyria digyna (L.) Hill
Family: Polygonaceae
Alpine mountain-sorrel - Moist, usually rocky
ground, alpine to subalpine. Native.
Polygonum douglasii Greene
Family: Polygonaceae
Douglas’ knotweed - Common in dry to moist
areas, lowlands to mid-elevations
in the mountains
Polygonum cuspidatum
Family: Polygonaceae
Japanese knotweed – introduced noxious weed
Rumex venosus Pursh
Family: Polygonaceae
Veined dock/wild hydrangea – dry, sandy or
gravelly places. Native.
Rumex crispus L.
Family: Polygonaceae
Curly dock – introduced and weedy.
Phytoremediation
Possible subject for further study and career
• Phytoremediation consists in depolluting
contaminated soils, water or air with plants able
to contain, degrade or eliminate metals,
pesticides, solvents, explosives, crude oil and its
derivatives, and various other contaminants,
from the mediums that contain them.
• It is clean, efficient, inexpensive and nonenvironmentally disruptive, as opposed to
processes that require excavation of soil.
Thlaspi arvense
Family: Brassicaceae
Field pennycress
Thlapsi arvense
Family: Brassicaceae
• Can be used for phytoremediation in a
process commonly called phytomining.
• Has the ability to extract toxic metals from
contaminated soils, and is especially good
at concentrating nickel and cadmium in its
stems and leaves and seed pods.
• Crop can be harvested and the metals
processed out of the plant material.
Thlapsi arvense
Family: Brassicaceae
• Researchers in Illinois believe they have the answer to
the continuing food versus fuel debate and high
commodity prices that challenge the biodiesel industry:
pennycress. Their excitement stems from the ability of
the plant to be transformed from a weed into a biodiesel
feedstock. “It’s off season from corn and soybeans, has
high seed yield and high oil,” says Terry Isbell, lead
researcher in the new crops and processing technology
group at the National Center for Agricultural Utilization
Research at Peoria, Ill. “This plant wants somebody to
pay attention to it.”
Thlapsi arvense
Family: Brassicaceae
• Field pennycress isn’t considered a big weed
problem because it completes its life cycle in late
spring and doesn’t compete with newly planted
corn or soybeans. Pennycress is a member of
the mustard family. Its heart-shaped, flat seed
packets carry the tiny oilseed that yields 36
percent oil when crushed. That kind of oil yield,
plus seed yields in wild stands that approach
2,000 pounds per acre, make pennycress
comparable with canola as an oilseed crop.
Thlapsi arvense
Family: Brassicaceae
• The glucosinolates in pennycress meal restrict its
use as an animal feed, but also contain the
chemical sinigrin, which in the presence of water
disintegrates into allyisothiocyante—a biofumigant. A bio-fumigant could provide an ecofriendly alternative to methyl bromide. Methyl
bromide is a soil fumigant, which contributes to
greenhouse gas emissions. It is used in highvalue crops such as strawberries.
Thlapsi arvense
Family: Brassicaceae
• Besides killing weed seeds in the soil prior to planting
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high-value crops, pennycress meal would have value as
a organic fertilizer.
In the wild, pennycress seed is produced in the spring
and lies dormant until daylight hours shorten in the fall
when it germinates. Its leaves grow low to the ground,
providing good winter cover and preventing soil erosion.
When warm spring days arrive in late April and May, field
pennycress bolts and flowers reaching heights of 30
inches or so. It can be harvested in early June just in
time to plant a full-season soybean crop.
Thlapsi arvense
Family: Brassicaceae
• Field pennycress appears to be a low-input crop
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and will likely require little fertilization.
Researchers are also searching for herbicides
that could be used to help establish optimal
pennycress stands in the fall, although it is
predicted that the crop’s vigorous spring growth
will make further herbicides unnecessary.
Pennycress tends to shatter in mid-summer, well
after the early June period when the plant is
dried down sufficiently to combine, yielding
seeds dry enough to store.
• In the hope of reaching the moon
men fail to see the flowers
that blossom at their feet.
- Albert Schweitzer