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Warm Up • 1. What are all the kingdoms of life? • 2. What are the 6 characteristics of life? • 3. What are the 7 levels of classification? • 4. What are the steps of the scientific method? • 5. What is an independent variable? • 6. What is a constant? Plant Kingdom EQ: How do parts of plants function for the survival of the whole organism? Rules for Outlining • 1. Subdivide topics by a system of numbers and letters, followed by • • • • • • • • • • • • • • a period. Example: I. A. B. 1. 2. a. b. II. A. B. 2. Each heading and subheading must have at least two parts. 3. Headings for parts of the paper of speech such as, Introduction and Conclusion, should not be used. 4. Be consistent. Do not mix up the two types of outlines. Use either whole sentences of brief phrases, but not both. Plants With Seeds I. General Information A. Life Span 1. Annuals- reproduce one year/ die 2. Biennials- reproduce second year/ die 3. Perennials – reproduce each year/ live many years The Sweet William Dwarf plant is a biennial plant Plants With Seeds • B. Tropism- a plant growing toward or away from a stimulus. 1. Positive tropism – plant grows toward the stimulus. 2. Negative tropism – plant grows away from stimulus. a. A stimulus is anything in the environment that causes a response in an organism. • b. The response often involves movement either toward the stimulus or away from the stimulus. c. Plants respond to stimuli such as touch, light, and gravity. Plants With Seeds • 3. Examples: Phototropism = response to light – a positive tropism (1). enables leaves to be in a position to receive as much sunlight as possible for photosynthesis a. Picture from http://herbarium.desu.edu/pfk/page11/page 12/page13/page13.html b. Geotropism = response to gravity where roots show a positive tropism and stems show a negative tropism. (1) provide firm anchorage for roots. (2) ensure the plant can get adequate supply of water & mineral salts Picture from http://cbse.myindialist.com/biology-x-control-andcoordination-coordination-in-plants-movement-due-to-growth/ Positive Tropism Phototropism withfriendship.com Negative tropism • Charles Darwin was one of the first to scientifically document that roots show positive geotropism and stems show negative geotropism. That is, roots grow in the direction of gravitational pull (i.e., downward) and stems grow in the opposite direction (i.e., upwards). Example of Geotropism in the remaints of a cellar of a roman villa in the Archeologic Park in Baia, Italy Negative tropism • Gravity is used to signal root growth downwards and shoots/stems upwards. (Shoots also use light (phototropism) to direct growth away from gravity.) Warm Up • 1. Define tropism. • 2. What is a stimulus? • 3. What are two examples of tropisms and describe them. • 4. What are the life spans of plants? Warm Up • 1. What is photosynthesis? • 2. What is phototropism? • 3. What is geotropism? • 4. What happens during photosynthesis? Part 2 II. Photosynthesis A. What is photosynthesis? 1. Photosynthesis a. Definition: The process of changing light energy to chemical energy b. Energy stored as sugar (glucose) c. Occurs in plants and some algae d. Plants need light energy, CO2, and H2O e. Takes place in the chloroplasts, using chlorophyll, the green pigment in plants B. What happens during photosynthesis? 1. Plants capture light energy and use that energy to make glucose 2. Sunlight provides the energy needed by chlorophyll to change molecules of carbon dioxide and water into glucose 3. Oxygen is also released in this reaction 4. Carbon dioxide enters the leaf through holes called stomata 5. CO2 combines with the stored energy in the chloroplasts through a chemical reaction to make glucose Light energy a. 6CO2 + 6H2O 6O2 Carbon dioxide + water oxygen C6H12O6 & Light energy sugar & b. Six molecules of carbon dioxide plus 6 molecules of water produce one molecule of sugar and 6 molecules of oxygen C. Reasons photosynthesis is important to humans: 1. Starts food chain with sugar C6H12O6 (sugar aka glucose) 2. Provides O2 to breathe D. What is Cellular Respiration? 1. The release of chemical energy for cells to use. 2. Once light energy is changed into chemical energy by photosynthesis, an organism has to transform the chemical energy into a form that can be used by the organism. E. Describe Cellular Respiration 1. The breakdown of glucose molecules to release energy 2. Takes place in all living things 3. Is a step by step process F. EQUATION FOR RESPIRATION CARBON DIOXIDE GLUCOSE C6H12O6 + 6O2 OXYGEN ATP 6CO2 + 6H2O + ENERGY WATER Warm Up • 1. TAKE OUT PROGRESS REPORTS • 2. What’s so important about photosynthesis? • 3. What is the photosynthesis equation? • 4. What is geotropism? • 5. What is phototropism? III. Leaves and Flowers A. Classification 1. Veining a. Parallel b. Palmate c. Pinnate Alternate pinnate 2. Edging/Shape a. Smooth b. Toothed c. Lobed Opposite pinnate 3. Needles a. Single b. Attached Phyllotaxy - Arrangement of leaves on a stem 4. Leaf Parts a. Blade (1). Main body of leaf b. Petiole (1). Attaches blade to stem c. Midrib (1). Large central vein Image found at: www.yourdictionary.com Leaf Parts d. Apex 1) Tip of leaf e. Epidermis 1) “Skin” of leaf - responsible for gas exchange f. Stomata 1) Outside layer of leaf opening in epidermis where gas and water exchange (pores) g. Chlorophyll 1) The chlorophyll molecule is the active part that absorbs the sunlight to perform photosynthesis 2) As the chlorophyll in leaves decays in the autumn, the green color fades and is replaced by the oranges and reds of carotenoids j) Plant cuticles (1). The cuticle is a non-cellular protective layer covering the outer cell layer (epidermis) of the green, aerial parts of land plants k) Guard cells (1). are specialized cells located in the leaf epidermis of plants. (2)Pairs of guard cells surround tiny stomata airway pores. (3)These tiny holes in the surface of leaves are necessary for gas exchange into and out of the plant (transpiration) • L) Transpiration • (1). Transpiration is the process by which moisture is carried through plants from roots to small pores on the underside of leaves, where it changes to vapor and is released to the atmosphere. Warm up • 1. Write the photosynthesis equation in words and chemical symbols. • 2. Write the cellular respiration equation in words and chemical symbols. • 3. What is the cuticle? • 4. What are the guard cells? • 5. What is chlorophyll? Anatomy of A Flower Pistil B. Flowers – Purpose & reproduction 1. Flower parts and functions a. Pistil= female reproductive organ (1) Stigma – Catches pollen (2) Style – Allows place for tube to carry sperm from pollen to egg in ovary (3) Ovary- contains eggs which become seeds once they are fertilized by the pollen. b. Stamen = male reproductive organ (1) Filament – Holds the anther up so wind and bees take the pollen (2) Anther – Produces pollen c. Other Flower Parts (1) Petals – colorful to attract insects (2) Sepals – formerly protected the bud before it opened (3) receptacle – Base or “holder” for flower 2. Sequence of steps for plants (with seeds) reproduction: a. Anther produces pollen b. Pollen is carried by wind or insects to stigma of a different flower (some can self-fertilize) c. A tube grows from the pollen through the style to the ovary d. Sperm cells that were in the pollen travels through the tube to the egg cells in the ovary e. Fertilization produces seeds (sperm + egg = seed) f. Fruit forms around seed (Ovule may become fruit.) WARM UP • 1. What would happen if cellular respiration didn’t happen? • 2. What would happen if photosynthesis didn’t happen? • 3. How many years does a perennial plant live? • 4. Label the flower. C. Root Types 1. Tap root has long main root with tiny root hairs. 2. Fibrous roots spread out as a tangle Grass Roots VS Carrot D. Stems 1. Have vascular tissue inside to transport (move) water and nutrients a. Xylem = “elevator” going up b. Phloem = can also carry down 2. Functions of the Stem a. Transport water and nutrients from roots to leaves b. Supports leaves, fruit, and flowers c. Food storage Image found at: www.karencarr.com 3. Annual rings in woody stems show the age WARM UP • Write the photosynthesis equation. • Write the cellular respiration equation. • What is geotropism? • What is phototropism? • What is the stamen of the flower? E. Seeds 1. Seed coat- protects 2. Embryo – the new life 3. Cotyledon – stored food for the new life (embryo) when it starts to sprout and grow • On a separate sheet of paper, list as many seeds that humans eat as you can. – Tomatoes, ALL cereals, ALL nuts, rice, cocoa, chocolate, coffee, peas, beans, vanilla, coconut, mustard, popcorn, margarine (cottonseed), bread and cake (flour made from rye, wheat and oats)