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Life Histories and Tradeoffs Tradeoffs “If two processes require the use of a limiting resource, then allocation of the resource to one process requires de-allocation to the second.” Key Stages in the Life-History of a Plant Seed Maturation Flowering seed phase Growth Dispersal Dormancy Pollination Germination Growth in Plants Growth Apical meristems Source of plant elongation; often acting to suppress lateral growth from other nodes Growth Apical meristems Axillary meristems at nodes Gives rise to leaves and flowers; can also form lateral branches when not suppressed by apical meristem Growth Apical meristems Axillary meristems at nodes Internodes Growth between adjacent nodes Growth Apical meristems Axillary meristems at nodes Internodes Secondary growth Cambium in many perennial plants (not monocots) allows them to increase in girth over time Plant growth is generally a Modular Process Clonal Growth Forms of Clonal Growth Phalanx Guerilla Modes of Foraging Behavior Number of Branches (n) Ramet size (S) Shoot q Root Branch angle (q) Optimal Foraging? Nutrient Rich Nutrient Poor Nutrient Rich Optimal Foraging: Rich Habitat X Optimal Foraging: Poor Habitat X Optimal Foraging through a Plastic Response Predictions Nutrient Rich Habitat Nutrient Poor Habitat • Short internodes • Long internodes • Profuse branching • Few branches • Acute branch angles • Obtuse branch angles • High shoot:root • Low shoot:root An Experimental Test of Optimal Foraging The plant: Glechoma hederacea Slade, A. J., and M. J. Hutchings. 1987. The effects of nutrient availability on foraging in the clonal herb Glechoma hederacea. Journal of Ecology 75:95-112. General Growth Pattern Experimental Design Nutrient poor Legend Nutrient rich Mixed Predictions and Results Nutrient Rich Habitat Nutrient Poor Habitat • Short internodes • Long internodes • Profuse branching • Few branches • Many large ramets • Few small ramets • High shoot:root • Low shoot:root Predictions and Results Mixed Treatment Nutrient Rich Areas • Short internodes Nutrient Poor Areas • Long internodes Intermediate locations • Profuse branchinggrowth• in Fewall branches • Many large ramets • Few small ramets • High shoot:root • Low shoot:root General Interpretation • Glecoma hederacea exhibits a plastic growth response to nutrient conditions • This response is not localized, but represents an average to conditions encountered across the clone What role does physiological integration play? Physiological Integration through Movement of Resources Xylem: Transport of raw materials, e.g., H20 and soil nutrients Phloem: Transport of products of photosynthesis Experimental Examination of Integration through Xylem Experimental design • Cut leaf off • Inject fuchsin dye into xylem Price, E. A. C., C. Marshall, and M. Hutchings. 1992. Studies of growth in the clonal herb Glechoma hederacea. I. Patterns of physiological integration. Journal of Ecology 80:35-38. Experimental Examination of Integration through Xylem Experimental results • Complex pattern of nutrient flow, depends on xylem architecture • Apparent unidirectional flow of nutrients Leaf with dye Leaf without dye Experimental Examination of Integration through Phloem Leaf labeled with 14C Experimental Examination of Integration through Phloem Resulting radiograph Leaf labeled with 14C Experimental Examination of Integration through Phloem Interpretation • Photosynthate stays in leaf or is transported to young developing tissues • Source-sink relationship General Interpretation of Experiments • Patterns of physiological integration can be shown • Resource sharing seems to be in the direction of younger ramets • Optimal foraging is an ideal that is only partially met Forms of Asexual Reproduction in Plants Clonal Growth (revisited) Rhizome Stolon Bulbils Suckers Plantlets Fragmentation: jumping cholla Agamospermy Production of seeds with no fertilization Key Stages in the Life-History of a Plant Seed Maturation Flowering seed phase Growth Dispersal Dormancy Pollination Germination Sexual Reproduction in Plants Typical Angiosperm Lifecycle Alternation of generations • Sporophyte (2n) • Gametophytes (1n) Typical Angiosperm Lifecycle Alternation of generations • Sporophyte (2n) • Gametophytes (1n) Fertilization Gender Expression in Plants ♂ ♀ Hermaphrodites Sequential Hermaphrodism Some plants change sex over time! Jack-in-the-pulpet (Arisemea triphyllum) Distribution of Flower Types