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Major Plant Groups Group 1: Seedless, Nonvascular Plants • Live in moist environments – Need water to reproduce • Grow low to ground (nonvascular) • Lack true leaves • Common pioneer species • Gametophyte most common (dominant) • Ex: Mosses, liverworts, hornworts Group 2: Seedless, Vascular Plants • Vascular system – Taller growth – Nutrient transportation • Live in moist environments – swimming sperm • Has primitive roots called rhizoids • Gametophyte stage – Called Prothallus – Creates egg and sperm • Sporophyte stage – Leaves called “Fronds” – Spores created on underside in clusters called “sori” • Ex: Ferns, Club mosses, Horsetails Fern Frond Underside of frond Group 3: Seed producing, Vascular Plants • Type 1: Gymnosperms • Needle-like leaves (reduces water loss) • Common to lumber industry • Seeds enclosed in cones – Male cones: produce pollen (sperm) – Female cones: produce eggs • Zygote hardens into seed (protected inside cones) • Ex: Evergreen, Pine, Redwood, Cedar Gymnosperm Life Cycle 1) Male and female seed cones grow on adult sporophytes Let’s zoom into the cones of this sporophyte tree. Male cones Female cone 2) Pollen (male gametophyte) released from the male seed cones. Female eggs become fertilized Zygote created inside the female cones Male cones make pollen Female cones make eggs zygo egg te zygo egg te zygo egg te zygo egg te seed seed seed seed 3) Seeds begin to harden inside the female cones 4) Seeds often spread by wind “wing” helps seeds spread greater distance 5) Seed will land ground 6) Seedling grows into (sporophyte)…the cycle repeats ground Seed Advantages • 1) Seed plants don’t depend on water to reproduce – Pollen spread by wind and animals • 2) Embryo has…. – Nourishment: Nutrients inside feed embryo – Protection: Hard shell • 3) Seeds allow for dispersal – Carried by wind, water, animals Some seeds have “wings” Some seeds are carried by wind Some seeds are carried by animals Helicopter seeds http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0l3okbzCzFE Group 4: Flowering Plants • Angiosperms (flowering plants) • Flower = reproductive structure – Attract animals to help spread pollen – Forms fruit to protect and spread seeds • Seeds – Grow inside the fruit – Inside the seed 1. Embryo 2. Food supply Seed Dispersal • Fruit brightly colored – Attracts animals • Seeds pass through animals digestive system • Seeds pooped in a new area to grow Fruit seeds in fox poop Angiosperm Groups • 2 groups: Based on seed type • Cotyledon: embryonic leaf • Two Categories: – Monocots: embryo with 1 seed leaf – Dicots: embryo with 2 seed leaves Monocots vs. Dicots ehh Know this one ehh ehh Know this one Apple Tree: Monocot or Dicot? 2 3 1 Net-like veins 4 5 Monocot or Dicot? 2 3 1 4 6 5 Monocot or Dicot? Monocot or Dicot? Monocot or Dicot? Veins run parallel Monocot or Dicot? Veins run parallel Monocot or Dicot? Veins branch outward Angiosperm Life Spans • Three Life Span Types: • 1) Annuals – Seed grows… – Produce flowers & seeds… – Die • 2) Biennials – 1st year: • Seed grows and stores food – 2nd year: • grows more… • makes flowers & seeds… • dies • 3) Perennials – Live for more than 2 years – May take decades to grow fruit Flowers petals sepals • Reproductive structure of angiosperms • Sepals – outer ring of leaves – protection • Petals – Inner ring of leaves – Brightly colored to attract pollinators • Male and female organs found inside Tulip Pistil and Stamen female male Lily Pistil and Stamen female male Pistil and Stamen female male Pistil and Stamen female male Flowers • Male Stamen – Anther: produces pollen (sperm) • Female Carpel/Pistil – Inner most part – Ovary: within the base • Contains eggs • Grows into fruit when fertilized – Stigma: sticky tip, collects pollen Self-Pollination (own pollen fertilizes own egg) ... Cross-Pollination (pollen of one, fertilizes egg of another) . .. Angiosperm Life Cycle 1) Pollen sticks to animal or Here an apple tree….lets zoom into an individual flower. released intoiswind 2) Insect flies away covered in pollen ...... . ......... ...... Angiosperm Life Cycle 1) Pollen sticks to animal or released into wind 2) Insect flies away covered in pollen 3) Insect comes across another flower and spreads the pollen . .. .. .. .. . . . Angiosperm Life Cycle 1) Pollen sticks to animal or released into wind 2) Insect flies away covered in pollen 3) Insect comes across another flower and spreads the pollen 4) Pollen tube grows towards ovary . Angiosperm Life Cycle 1) Pollen sticks to animal or released into wind 2) Insect flies away covered in pollen 3) Insect comes across another flower and spreads the pollen 4) Pollen tube grows towards ovary 5) Nucleus travels down pollen tube to fertilize egg . Angiosperm Life Cycle 1) Pollen sticks to animal or released into wind 2) Insect flies away covered in pollen 3) Insect comes across another flower and spreads the pollen 4) Pollen tube grows towards ovary 5) Nucleus travels down pollen tube to fertilize egg 6) Zygote hardens into seed…flower starts to die ovary . seed . Angiosperm Life Cycle 1) Pollen sticks to animal or released into wind 2) Insect flies away covered in pollen 3) Insect comes across another flower and spreads the pollen 4) Pollen tube grows towards ovary 5) Nucleus travels down pollen tube to fertilize egg 6) Zygote hardens into seed…flower starts to die 7) Ovary grows into a fruit (seeds insides) ovary Angiosperm Life Cycle 1) Pollen sticks to animal or released into wind 2) Insect flies away covered in pollen 3) Insect comes across another flower and spreads the pollen 4) Pollen tube grows towards ovary 5) Nucleus travels down pollen tube to fertilize egg 6) Zygote hardens into seed…flower starts to die 7) Ovary grows into a fruit (seeds insides) Angiosperm Life Cycle 1) Pollen sticks to animal or released into wind 2) Insect flies away covered in pollen 3) Insect comes across another flower and spreads the pollen 4) Pollen tube grows towards ovary 5) Nucleus travels down pollen tube to fertilize egg 6) Zygote hardens into seed…flower starts to die 7) Ovary grows into a fruit (seeds insides) A few hours later… seed Seedling begins to grow… seed Years later…. HW: Bring a flower and leaf to school. One with distinct male and female parts.
