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WATCH IT GROW!!! SEEDS AND GERMINATION Mahomet-Seymour High School Would you Believe… A corn plant is bigger than a Redwood Tree? Wheat can live longer than an Oak Tree? You Better Believe It… CORN Wheat Redwood Tree Oak Tree Objectives… Define what a seed is and describe its function. Discuss the parts of a seed and describe their functions. Compare and contrast a monocotyledon and a dicotyledon. Understand the general requirements of germination. Discuss the steps in germination. What is a seed? Seeds can be thought of as devices that protect embryos until they encounter conditions that are suitable for growth as independent plants. What are the parts of a seed? Seed Coat: the outer protective layer of a seed. Protects the seed from damage. Aids in Dormancy Cotyledon: part of the embryo of the seed. Generally becomes the first leaves of the plants to emerge. Endosperm: tissue within the seed that act as food for the undeveloped embryo. Embryo: contains all of the parts for the plant to grow. What are the parts of a seed? Radicle: the part of the embryo that emerges to produce a temporary root system. Hypocotyl: the part of the embryo that breaks through the soil and forms a small stem. Only present in dicotyledons. Epicotyl: the part of the embryo that emerges from the soil to produce the first leaves. Hilum: present on pod seeds, this is the attachment point of the seed to the pod. What are the parts of a seed? Monocotyledon Seed Coat Cotyledon (x1) Endosperm Embryo Epicotyl Radicle Dicotyledon Seed Coat Cotyledon (x2) Endosperm Embryo Radicle Hypocotyl Epicotyl Monocotyledon Dicotyledon 4 General Requirements for Germination… Water: needed for imbibition. Causes seed to swell and embryo to grow. Oxygen: need for gas exchange. Available Temperature: soil temperature needs to be at an appropriate level for growth. Can in soil pore vary between plants Light or Darkness: important for seeds that germinate on top of the soil. What is dormancy? Dormancy: a period of non-growth. Seeds need to remain dormant until the conditions for growing are right. Recently some seeds were found viable after 10-15 thousand years. Most seeds have a viable life of 3-15 years What are the stages in germination? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Monocotyledon Seed swells (imbibition) Radicle grows downward Epicotyl grows upward New leaves form and photosynthesis occurs A new root system develops What are the stages in germination? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Dicotyledon Seed swells (imbibition) Radicle grows downward Hypocotyl forms an arch (neck) and breaks through the soil Epicotyl receives light and photosynthesis begins New leaves form and the cotyledons fall off