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Transcript
Warm up Modern green algae Bryophytes - mosses Ferns Gymnosperms - conifers Flowers fruit seeds Vascular tissue Angiosperms – flowering plants Leaves Fungi have cell walls composed of chitin which is what insects, crayfish, and other arthropods exoskeletons are composed of. The hyphae of some symbiotic fungi become specialized for penetrating the cells of the host. These hyphae are called haustoria. Most fungi do not have flagella in any phase of their life cycle. They move toward food by growing toward it. In America, a single individual fungus, was found to cover 2,200 acres of land. Both Plants and Fungi have VASCLAR SYSTEMS A way to move water & nutrients throughout the body. Phloem-conducts carbohydrates (sugars) from the leaves where they are made out to the rest of the plant. Xylem conducts water and dissolved minerals up from roots out to the plant. Hyphae may or may not have septa. The septa of many species have pores, which allows cytoplasm to flow freely from one cell to the next. Cytoplasmic movement within the hypha provides a means to transport of materials. Inside Story The plant Page 628 of green text book 1. On the top half of the next page in your BIN, draw a plant 2. Label the meristems, leaves, stem, and roots. 3. Draw a monocot leaf and a dicot leaf. 4. Below your picture describe the functions of the 4 tissue types, Dermal, vascular, ground and meristem. 5. Answer the following questions… 1. What is special about the meristem? 2. How does food formed by photosynthesis in the leaves get to the rest of the plant? Be sure to state what vascular tissue transports the nutrients from the leaves. Decomposers break down complex molecules into sugars or consume sugars found in environment bread mold eat carbs in bread shelf fungi on logs eat carbs in cell wall of wood white button mushrooms in store eat sugars and cellulose in dung Symbiotic fungi receive their energy directly from a plant or algal partner Lichens contain algae •The fungi provide structure and retain water •The algae “leak” carbohydrates from their cells Mycorrhizal fungi live on plant roots •Can turn inorganic phosphorus & nitrogen into forms usable by plants •Expand the surface area of the plants root system •The plant provides carbohydrates Fungi get carbon from organic sources Hyphal tips release enzymes Enzymatic breakdown of substrate Products diffuse back into hyphae Nucleus hangs back and “directs” Product diffuses back into hypha and is used Spores are reproductive cells Sexual Asexual Directly on hyphae Fruiting bodies Amanita fruiting body Penicillium hyphae Rhixopus hyphae germinating spore mycelium Mycelium can be huge but usually escape notice because they are subterranean Hyphal fusion of haploid mycelia haploid mycelium mycelium and fruiting body have 2 haploid nuclei Release of haploid spores Meiosis Nuclear fusion in basidium young basidia - the only diploid cells Fig 31.12 1. Grasp the cap of the mushroom on the paper towel in front of you firmly with one hand and the stem with the other hand. Gently wiggle and/or twist the stem until it breaks away from the cap. 2. Pinch the stem between your fingers until it breaks into two or more long pieces. Gently pull the pieces apart. The thick, hair like filaments you will see where you split the stem are the hyphae. Place the stem section under the dissecting microscope & examine the hyphae. Cap Stem 3. Look at the underside of the cap to study the gills. Each gill is lined with thousands of small structures called basidia. Using your forceps, gently remove one gill from the cap. You will get better results if you GENTLY grasp the gill near where it attaches to the cap. Try to avoid touching the free edge, the one along the bottom of the gill with your forceps. 4. Place the gill on a microscope slide and wet with a drop or two of water. 5. Place the slide on the dissecting microscope and examine the gill under low power. Look at the edge of the gill that was not attached to the mushroom and look for the little finger like projections. Switch to high power. Look at the finger like projections under high power. These are the basidia. If your mushroom is mature the basidia may have spores attached to them. 6. After completing your observations, clean off your slide and microscope and place them back like you found them. Wrap your mushroom pieces in the paper towel and throw it in the large trash can in the back. BIN on the odd numbered page opposite of the fungus Microviewer lab 1. Color the pictures. 2. Label the Gills, basidiospores, hypha, the new mycelium, mating type + and mating type - on the picture. The Inside story on page 555 of the green textbook may help with labeling. 3. Using a red pencil, circle the point(s) where the mushroom is haploid. 4. Using a purple pencil, circle the point(s) where the mushroom is diploid having 2 haploid nuclei in each cell. 5. Using a blue pencil circle the point(s) when the mushroom is diploid. 6. Glue both pictures on the odd numbered page opposite the fungi micro viewer lab in your BIN. 7. Answer the questions pertaining to the mushroom mini lab next to the mushroom life cycle picture in your BIN. 8. Answer the questions pertaining to mushroom metabolism next to the picture in your BIN Use the following terms to fill in the concept map below. Mosses, gymnosperms, vascular, lilies & grasses, seeded, ferns, dicot. PLANTS vascular VASCULAR NONVASCULAR mosses, Mosses liverwort seeded Seed Non Seed ferns ferns gymnosperms Gymnosperm cone trees Angiosperm Monocot Dicot dicot lilies & grasses, grasses lillies roses, daisy, shrubs, trees The life cycle of most plants alternates between two stages or generations n n spores Fertilization Gametophyte generation • produces haploid spores • all cells of this plant are haploid 2n zygote meiosis n n spores Fertilization Sporophyte generation •produces diploid spores •all cell of this plant are diploid •spores are produced by meiosis 2n n meiosis zygote n spores Gametophyte Haploid reproductive phase Female or male plant Sporophyte Grow low to the ground in damp places because they need water so that the sperm can swim to the egg. Diploid reproductive phase Produces spore thru meiosis Sorus (sori) Cluster of sporangia (spore making organ where meiosis occurs) Found on back of leaflet Zygote Diploid organism produced with fertilization Megaspore Female spore that becomes the female gametophyte or egg Microspore Male spore that becomes the male gametophyte or pollen grain Zygote develops into embryo inside the ovule as the seed matures When female cone matures it opens and releases seeds Some animals will break cone open and eat the seeds Wind can also disperse the seeds Seeds: protective covering & contain food Fruits: for the animals eat developing them and disperse seeds embryo Flowers: attract pollinators with bright colors, scent, and/or nectar Inside Story The Parts of a Flower Page 665 Draw a flower and label the petals, stigma, style, ovary/ovule, filament, anther, pollen grains, and sepals – Use a pink pencil to color all parts of the female reproductive system in your drawing. Use a blue pencil to color all parts of the male reproductive system in your drawing. Answer the following questions below your drawing. 1.What is the female reproductive system called? 2.What is the male reproductive sytem called? 3.Why is the stigma sticky? 4.Which part of the flower becomes the fruit? 5.How are different flower shapes, colors, and scents important to the plant’s survival? 6.Is the flower you drew from a monocot or dicot? How do know? Hint it has to do with the number of petals. Your flower self pollinates. Use a black pencil to trace the path of a pollen grain. In water, carbon dioxide dissolves to form a weak acid. As a result, an acid-base indicator such as bromothymol blue can be used to indicate the presence of carbon dioxide. In this laboratory investigation, you will use bromthymol blue to observe the effects of photosynthesis. 1. Using the straw GENTLY blow one lung full of air into the test tube containing bromthymol blue. 2. Put approximately 3cm sprig of elodea into the test tube. 3. Place the test tube in the test tube rack under the light. 4. Turn the light on. If necessary, adjust the lamp so that it is shining directly on the test tube. plants use to make glucose in a process called How does the BTB indicate CO2 is present in the water? How is the glucose made by plants used by plants and animals as a source of energy? To release the energy contained in the bonds of glucose, the glucose must be converted to . The process by which is made from glucose is called cellular respiration. Can photosynthesis occur without sunlight? Explain the following statement: • Sunlight is to a plant like gasoline is to a car. What happens when the sun goes down? In your BIN: 1. Below your hypothesis write background information (learned in this class discussion) that explains photosynthesis. 2. Next, examine your test tubes. 3. Write down your observations. Has there been in change? Be descriptive. 4. Finally, write a conclusion which briefly explains what was done in this experiment, what the results are and why these results occurred. Finish your conclusion with what you might expect to happen in your test tube if it were left in the dark over night. Explain your prediction.