Download I. Multicellular organisms have cells that are specialized.

I. Multicellular organisms have cells
that are specialized.
– Different jobs in multicellular organisms are
done by different cells
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cells are specialized
different functions divided among different cells
– Plants, animals, and fungi are mostly made
up of multicellular organisms
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Levels of organization
– After cells come tissues. A group of cells that work
together
– Different tissues make up organs. Each organ has a
specific job.
Multicellular organisms have cells
that are specialized.
– Different organs working together make up organ
systems and help the organism function
» Nervous system allows for response to changing
conditions
» Muscular system produces movement and supplies
heat
» Respiratory system takes in oxygen and releases
carbon dioxide
» Circulatory system delivers oxygen and removes
carbon dioxide
» Digestive system breaks down food into usable
forms
– Different organ systems work together for survival
II. Multicellular organisms adapted
to live in different environments.
– Organisms have characteristics that allow
them to survive in t heir environment.
– An adaptation is any inherited characteristic
that increases an organism’s chance for
survival.
– Adaptations are the result of differences that
can occur in genetic material.
III. Sexual reproduction leads to
diversity.
– Sexual reproduction is when the genetic
material of 2 parents comes together
– Result is offspring having genetic material
with diversity because the DNA is different
from the parents.
III. Sexual reproduction leads to
diversity.
– 2 different cellular processes involved
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Meiosis when a special form of cell division
produces sperm cells in males
– Egg cells in females
– Each contain ½ the necessary amount for an
organisms to survive.
III. Sexual reproduction leads to
diversity.
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Fertilization is the second process
– Sperm cells from male combines with egg
– DNA now from both parents and divides
– Specialization occurs and different tissues and organs
form.
I. Plants capture energy from the
sun.
– The sun provides the energy for almost all
organisms to live.
– Light energy must be changed into chemical
energy
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Chemical energy is the form used to carry out the
functions of life
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Plants convert sun’s energy to chemical energy
I. Plants capture energy from the
sun.
– Producing Sugars
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Plants take sunlight and change to chemical
energy by photosynthesis.
6CO2 + 12H2O + light → C6H12O6 + 6O2 +
6H2O
– Plant takes in water and carbon dioxide
– Produce sugar
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Most photosynthesis takes place in the leaves
stems hold up leaves to sun
roots anchor plant and supply water
I. Plants capture energy from the
sun.
– Storing and releasing Energy
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Plants are autotrophs or self feeders
Able to use some of the energy-rich material for
cellular processes
Rest can get stored; often as starches
I. Plants capture energy from the
sun.
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Cellular respiration is the process by which a cell
uses oxygen to break down sugars to release the
energy
– Carrots and beets store starch in their roots
– Rhubarb store in their stems
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Potatoes store as swollen roots called tubers
II. Plants are adapted to different
environments
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Plants are adapted to different environments
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Leaves, stems, and roots are adaptations that
allow plants to survive
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Grasses can survive as long as their root structure stays
unharmed.
Trees can not survive if leaves and stems are damaged
Reproductive adaptations
Protective adaptation
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odor producing to keep organisms away
produce harmful chemicals
III. Plants respond to their
environment
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Plants respond to a stimulus from their environment
Gravity
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Touch
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Roots grow down
Stems and leaves grow up
Many respond using tendrils that wrap around objects
help allow plant to grow towards the sunlight
Light
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Stems and leaves grow towards
phototropism, when the stems bend toward the sunlight
Auxin is a hormone that stimulates cell growth.
produced at the tip of the stem
auxin moves away from light so darker side of the plant
grows longer
IV. Plants respond to seasonal
changes
– Light
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sunlight amounts can cause plants to grow or
become dormant
dormancy stops growth and requires less energy
– Temperature
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leaves to die on deciduous trees
Others, the whole plant dies and seeds left
behind allow new plants to grow.
I. Animals obtain energy and
materials from food
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Animals are consumers. Consumers are organisms
that need to get energy from another organism.
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Unlike plants, animals must consume food to get energy
Animals are Heterotrophs because they are
organisms that feed on, or consumes, other
organisms.
Animals can be grouped by the type of food that
they eat
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Herbivores – feed on plants or algae
Carnivores – feed on other animals
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Omnivores – feed on both plants and animals
Animals obtain energy and
materials from food
– Animals must digest their food in order to
obtain energy from it. Digestion is the
process that breaks food down into pieces
that are small enough to be absorbed by
cells.
– Animals, just like plants, obtain energy from
sugars and other carbon compounds
through cellular respiration
– In many animals, respiratory system delivers
oxygen to the blood, and the blood carries
oxygen to the cells.
II. Animals interact with the
environment and with other
organisms
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In many animals, muscle and skeletal systems
provide movement and support. A nervous system
allows the animal to sense and respond to stimuli.
Animals respond to many different types of stimuli,
such as sights, sounds, odors, light, or change in
temperature. Any observable response to a stimulus
is described as a behavior.
Interactions that occur between the same species
are often described as social behaviors.
II. Animals interact with the
environment and with other
organisms
– Interactions that occur between animals of
different species often involve the search for
food.
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A predator is an animal that hunts other animals
for food.
An animal that is hunted by another animal as a
source or food is the prey.
III. Animals respond to
seasonal changes
– Unlike plants, animals can respond to
seasonal changes by changing their
location.
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Migration is the movement of animals to a
different region in response to changes in the
environment.
– Not all animals migrate in response to
seasonal changes.
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Hibernation is a sleep-like state that lasts for
extended time periods.
I. Fungi absorb materials from the
environment.
– Fungi are decomposers
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break down or decompose complex carbon
compound
these are part of living matter
absorb nutrients
leave behind simpler compounds
Fungi are heterotrophs
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get their energy from living or once living matter.
Fungi absorb materials from the
environment.
– Characteristics of fungi.
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they are multicellular
have a nucleus and a thick cell wall
they don’t have tissues or organs, instead made
of a reproductive body and a network of cells that
form threadlike structures called hyphae
Fungi absorb materials from the
environment.
– Reproduction
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reproduce by spores
can be produced asexually or sexually
a spore is a single reproductive cell that is
capable of growing into a new organism.
spores are released into the air and spread by
the wind.
II. Fungi include mushrooms, molds
and yeast
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Mushrooms
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Mold
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cap sits on top of the stalk
Under cap on gills is where the spores grow.
Both parts are made of hyphae
is a sport producing part of a another form of fungus
Yeasts
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single celled fungi
some can exist in yeast form
some can exist as multicellular hyphae
III. Fungi can be helpful or harmful
to organisms
– Can be helpful because they release the
nutrients from dead organisms back into the
soil providing nutrients for the plants.
– Can be harmful by attacking the tissues of a
plant
– Can produce toxins which kill crops
III. Fungi can be helpful or harmful
to organisms
– Can have symbiotic relationships with other
organism called Lichens
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algae is a plant and provides food for the fungus
the hyphae of the fungus provides the water and
nutrients for the algae
Always remember:
Freddy Fungus and Alice algae had a
LICHEN for each other, and now their
relationship is on the rocks!