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Introduction to the Plant Kingdom PAGE 35 1 Early Ancestors Aquatic to Terrestrial Life 2 Aquatic Ancestor Closest living species to a possible land plant ancestor Group of green algae Called Charyophyceans Chara 3 Algae & Land Plant Similarities Both contain chlorophylls a and b Have chloroplasts with stacks of thylakoids Store starch in plastids Cellulose in cell walls Go through Alternation of Generations life Cycle copyright cmassengale 4 Aquatic Habitat Terrestrial Habitat copyright cmassengale 5 Living in Aquatic Environments Plants surrounded by water so don’t dry out Sperm swims to egg Water supports plant Plants stay in upper surface near light Absorb nutrients from the H2O copyright cmassengale 6 Plant Adaptations to Land Problems: Need minerals Gravity Increase in Height for Light Adaptations for Drier environment Reproduction Solutions: Roots absorb H2O & minerals Lignin & cellulose in cell walls Vascular Transport System Waxy cuticle & stomata with guard cells Pollen containing sperm copyright cmassengale 7 How Are Plants All Alike? copyright cmassengale 8 Plant Characteristics Multicellular Autotrophic (photosynthesis) Chlorophylls a and b in thylakoid membranes Surrounded by cell walls containing cellulose (polysaccharide) Store reserve food as amylose (starch) 9 Plant Reproduction Alternation of generations life cycle Diploid (2n) sporophyte stage Haploid (1n) gametophyte stage Produce multicellular embryo protected inside multicellular haploid (gametophyte egg sac) tissue 10 Plant Reproduction Diploid (2n) sporophyte stage produces haploid spores by meiosis Haploid spores undergo mitosis to produce gametophyte stage Gametophyte makes gametes (eggs and sperm) by meiosis Zygote (2n) produces the new sporophyte 11 Do Learning Activity 5 Page 43 12 Alternation of Generations Gametophyte 2n Sporophyte 2n gametophyte 1n pollen 2n seed with plant embryo Sporophytecopyright cmassengale Ovary with 1n ovules (eggs) 13 Plant Divisions copyright cmassengale 14 PLANT CLASSIFICATION The plant kingdom has been divided into four major divisions Bryophytes Pteridophytes Gymnosperms (cone bearing plants) Angiosperms (flowering plants) Page 35 By the presence or absence of Vascular tissue (xylem and phloem) True leaves and roots Seeds or spores Cones or flowers Fruit 15 STAGES OF PLANT EVOLUTION Page 35 Simple green algae Vascular plants With xylem and phloem Seedless Pterophytes e.g. ferns Nonvascular plants Bryophytes e.g. mosses Seed-bearing Cone-bearing Gymnosperms E.g.. Cycads, conifers Flowering plants angiosperms Taxonomy Plants are divided into two groups Based on the presence or absence of an internal transport system for water and dissolved materials Called Vascular System Page 35 Vascular Bundles 17 Vascular System Xylem tissue carries water and minerals upward from the roots Phloem tissue carries sugars made by photosynthesis from the leaves to where they will be stored or used Sap is the fluid carried inside the xylem or phloem 18 Nonvascular Plants Do not have vascular tissue for support or conduction of materials Called Bryophytes eg mosses Require a constantly moist environment Sporophyte stage Gametophyte Stage Moss Gametophytes & 19 Sporophytes Nonvascular Plants Plants can’t grow as tall Cells must be in direct contact with moisture Materials move by diffusion cell-to-cell Sperm must swim to egg through water droplets 20 Nonvascular Plants Includes mosses (Bryophyta), liverworts (Hepatophyta), and hornworts (Antherophyta) Liverworts Hornworts 21 Main Parts of Vascular Plants Shoots -Found above ground -Have leaves attached - Photosynthetic part of plant Roots -Found below ground -Absorb water & minerals -Anchor the plant 22 Vascular Plants Subdivided into two groups -Seedless vascular plants and Seedbearing vascular plants Club Moss 23 Seedless Vascular Plants Includes club moss (Lycophyta), horsetails (Sphenophyta), whisk ferns (Psilophyta), and ferns (Pterophyta) Whisk ferns Horsetails 24 Seed-Producing Vascular Plants Includes two groups – Gymnosperms and Angiosperms Gymnosperms have naked seeds in cones Angiosperms have flowers that produce seeds to attract pollinators and produce seeds 25 Gymnosperms are known as conifers Includes pine, cedar, spruce, and fir Cycadophyta – cycads Ginkgophyta ginkgo Cycad Ginkgo 26 Gymnosperms Contains the oldest living plant – Bristle cone pine Contains the tallest living plant – Sequoia or redwood 27 Angiosperms Flowering plants Seeds are formed when an egg or ovule is fertilized by pollen in the ovary Ovary is within a flower Flower contains the male (stamen) and/or female (ovaries) parts of the plant Fruits are frequently produced from these ripened ovaries (help disperse seeds) 28 Angiosperms Subdivided into two groups – Monocots and Dicots Monocots have a single seed cotyledon Dicots have two eed cotyledons copyright cmassengale 29 Monocots Parallel venation in leaves Flower parts in multiples of 3 Vascular tissue scattered in cross section of stem 30 Dicots Net venation in leaves Flower parts in multiples of 4 or 5 Vascular tissue in rings in cross section of stem 31 THE END 32