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PLANT NOTES Level Biology General Characteristics Multicellular Eukaryotic Photoautotrophic Cell walls made of cellulose Vascular plants contain xylem (takes water up plant) and phloem (takes food down the plant) 4 basic groups of plants: 1. Bryophytes 2. Seedless vascular plants Mosses and Liverworts Ferns and Horsetails 3. Gymnosperms (seed plant) Cone bearing plants (Conifers) 4. Angiosperms (seed plants) Flowering plants Plant Organs Root Stem Leaf Flower Bryophytes “Non- vascular” plants Live in moist areas like swamps, marshes, and streams to help in reproduction. They lack true roots but have rhizoids instead. Examples- moss, liverworts, and hornworts Sporophyte- produces spores Gametophyte- produces gametes Ferns- the first vascular plants Most important adaptation: Xylem- allows movement of water up from the roots to all parts of the plant Phloem- transports nutrients and the products of photosynthesis throughout the plant. Fern Structure Have underground stems called rhizomes Rhizome adaptation: Act as a food store when the fern is unable to photosynthesize during dry conditions. Fern Structure Have large leaves called fronds Contain haploid spores under the fronds which are produced in tiny clusters called sori Day 2 Leaves and Photosynthesis Leaf Function To photosynthesize or make food (glucose) for the plant Internal Leaf Structure Cuticle (composed of cutin)- waxy covering that prevents water loss; adaptation to land for plants Upper & lower epidermis- first cell layer; produces cuticle for protection Palisade layer- long, slender cells with many chloroplasts where most photosynthesis takes place Vein- contains xylem & phloem Spongy layer- in the center of the leaf; irregularly shaped cells that are packed with lots space between resemble a photosynthesis takes here loosely of air them to sponge; some place Vein Air spaces- embedded in spongy layer; allows for quick exchange of oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) Guard cells- hot dog shaped cells that surround and monitor stomata openings Stomata- openings in leaves & some stems that allow oxygen to escape and CO2 to enter leaf Palisade layer- long, slender cells with many chloroplasts where most photosynthesis takes place Vein- contains xylem & phloem Spongy layer- in the center of the leaf; irregularly shaped cells that are packed with lots space between resemble a photosynthesis takes here loosely of air them to sponge; some place Vein The interaction between roots, stems, and leaves: The interaction between roots, stems, and leaves: The phloem travels throughout the entire plant transporting organic solutes (food). Depending on the plant’s needs, phloem can change its flow direction. Xylem involves the movement of water and minerals starting at the roots, running through the stems, and ends at small pores (stoma) in the leaves. Stomata can open and close, not only at a certain time of day, but also upon the osmotic condition of the plant. Click picture Day 2 continued Photosynthesis How about a song to get this light show started! Photosynthesis Formula In the presence of light, plants transform carbon dioxide and water into carbohydrates (glucose) and release oxygen. light 6CO2 + 6 H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2 Photosynthesis Reactants= carbon dioxide & water Products= sugar (glucose) & oxygen Structures involved in photosynthesis Organ- leaf (occasionally in stems) Layer- palisade layer Cell organelle- chloroplast Molecule- chlorophyll What special about Chlorophyll? Green pigment Absorbs light energy from the sun & stores it in chemical bonds in glucose Only pigment that can transform light energy into chemical energy Photosynthesis Song!!! Great song!!! What about a video Day 3 Roots and Stems Root Functions Absorbs water and nutrients from the soil Anchors the plant into the ground Stores extra food for later use if needed Label your root crossection now. Root Functions The cortex stores photosynethesis products The xylem allows the flow of water. The phloem allows the movemet of nutrients. Types of Roots Tap- large primary root with tiny hair-like roots for more absorption Examples: carrot Fibrous- roots are all similar in size Examples: grass Tap Root Adaptations Adaptation of taproot in Savanna: Umbrella thorn Acacias grow in the African savannas. One of the Umbrella Thorn's adaptions to hot and dry conditions is a deep taproot which can reach 115 feet under the ground. If it did not have taproots, then it would not get the water during the dry spells. Fiberous Root Adaptations Adaptation of fibrous roots in the desert: Many cacti have very long, fibrous roots which absorb moisture from the soil. Some, like ball cacti, have shorter, more compact roots that absorb dew water that falls off the cactus. Nitrogen Cycle Our atmosphere is made up of mostly.....? Nitrogen Since we don’t use free Nitrogen, something has to alter it so we can. Name the cycle. How do roots play a role in the nitrogen cycle? Nitrogen is an essential nutrient needed to make amino acids and other important organic compounds, but most organisms cannot use free nitrogen. Nitrogen Cycle Gaseous nitrogen is broken apart in the process of nitrogen fixation. The bacteria in the soil convert the ammonia to nitrites and nitrates. The nitrates are easily absorbed by plant roots. In this way, nitrogen is passed into the food chain and ultimately returned to the soil, water, and atmosphere. Roots and Symbiosis Roots often form symbiotic associations with soil fungi. In this association, the plant benefits from phosphorus that is taken up and supplied by the fungus, and the fungus benefits from carbohydrates produced by the plant. This is an example of mutualism. Stem Functions Transport water and minerals up and food down through the plant Support the leaves Store extra food for the plant Stem Functions Most stems connect the leaves to the roots, like a highway connects cities. Note the difference between these two types of stems. Highlight terms that stems have in common with roots. Do they perform the same function? Of course they do! DAY 4: SEED PLANTS Two categories of seed plants: 1. Gymnosperms- “naked seed” - Male cones produce pollen for reproduction 2. Angiosperms- “flowering plants” Reproduction takes place in the flower Divided into two sub groups: monocots & dicots Parts of the Flower 1. sepal- modified leaves surrounding the base of the flower for protection of the developing bud 2. calyx- all of the sepals collectively 3. petal- colorful, often fragrant modified leaf to attract insects 4. corolla- all of the petals Male Parts of the Flower 5. stamen- male reproductive structures collectively; look like upside down golf clubs; consists of two parts: anther and filament 6. anther: top part of stamen (head of golf club); produces pollen (male gamete) 7. filament: long, thin structure (shaft of golf club) that supports the anther and holds it up high Female Parts of the Flower 8. pistil- female reproductive structures; consists of stigma, style, ovary, ovules, and ova 9. stigma- sticky tip of pistil; produces nectar and traps pollen 10. style- long, thin tube that leads to the ovary 11. ovary- enlarged, pear-shaped structure on the bottom of the pistil; contains the ovules and ova; becomes the fruit 12. ovule- individual “room” inside the ovary that produces ova 13. ova- the female gametes (eggs) Flower Parts Flower Parts Fruit Function To continue the species of a plant A ripened ovary that contains seeds is called a fruit. Seed Dispersal Some people plant some seeds, but most plants don't rely on people. Plants rely on animals and wind and water to help scatter their seeds. We will examine 3 different types Seed Dispersal 1. Animals- Transport of burred seeds ni animal’s fur or feathers; fleshy fruit eaten, digested, and excreted at another location; burry seeds to come back to eat later. Bear eats berries New berries in a new location Bear fertlizes seed Berries germinate Seed Dispersal 2. Wind dispersal- smaller seeds that have wings or other hair-like or feather like structures (dandelion or sycamore seeds) Click for video Seed Dispersal 3. Water dispersal- Plants living along streams and rivers have seeds that float downstream, which germinate at new sites