Download PLANTS

PLANTS
LIFESPAN
• ANNUAL: live < 1 yr
• BIENNIAL: live 2 yrs
• PERENNIAL: live > 2 yrs
GROWTH
FORMS
• GRASS
• FORB/HERB: not woody
• SHRUB: woody, small
• SUCCULENT: stores
water in tissue
• TREE: woody, tall
FLOWERS
•
•
•
Sex organ of plant
From modified leaves
Consists of four rings of structures
– 1. Sepals: protect flower bud
– 2. Petals: attract pollinators
FLOWERS
3. Stamens: male –
produce sperm –
consist of…
Anther:
produces
sperm and
packages into
pollen grains
Filament: Holds
anther into air
to contact
pollinator
FLOWERS
4. Pistil: female –
produce eggs
• Stigma:
accepts pollen
• Style: hold
stigma up to
contact
pollinator
• Ovary:
produces
eggs/seeds
TYPES OF FLOWERS
Perfect: have functioning stamens and pistil
Imperfect: have either functioning stamens or
pistil
TYPES OF PLANTS With
Imperfect Flowers
Dioecious:
Monoecious:
two houses (male and
female flowers on
separate plants)
one house (male and
female flowers on same
plant)
Male Plant
e.g., bursage
Female Plant
e.g., desert broom, jojoba, sotol
LEAVES
LEAF PARTS
Blade
Petiole
Expanded Leaf Base
BLADE STRUCTURE
Simple:
Compound:
blade is
single
blade divided
into leaflets
• Palmately
Compound:
leaflets come
out of one
point
BLADE STRUCTURE
• Pinnately
Compound:
• Bipinnately
Compound:
just primary
leaflets
blade divided
into primary
expanded leaf base
petiole
and
secondary
leaflets
e.g., Velvet Mesquite
e.g. Desert Ironwood
BLADE STRUCTURE: Quiz yourself
Pinnately compound
Bipinnately compound
Tripinnately compound
Bipinnately compound
Palmately compound
Simple
Palmately compound
Pinnately compound
BLADE EDGE
Entire:
Lobed
smooth
Toothed
POSITION OF LEAVES
ON STEM
Alternate
Opposite
Whorled
1 leaf comes off
each point on
stem
2 leaves come off
same point on
stem
3+ leaves come off
same point on
stem
FLOWERING
PLANT LIFECYCLE
www.cactus-art.biz
• GERMINATION: Sprouting of seed
– Timing is Critical!
– Cues include photoperiod, temperature,
moisture, light, abrasion, fire, digestive
enzymes, etc.
• GROWTH: from seedling to maturity
• REPRODUCTION: production of next
generation
• DEATH: annual vs biennial vs perennial
FLOWERING PLANT
REPRODUCTION
• ASEXUAL: without sex
– Make clones
– Little genetic
diversity
• SEXUAL: with sex
– Mix of male and
female traits
– Great genetic diversity
FLOWERING PLANT REPRODUCTION:
STEPS IN SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
• Gamete Production
– Eggs produced in
ovary
– Sperm produced in
anther and packaged
two per pollen grain
FLOWERING PLANT REPRODUCTION:
STEPS IN SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
• Pollination
– Transfer of pollen
from
anther to stigma
Pollen transferred by
wind, water, animals
Double Fertilization
2 Polar
Nuclei
Pollen tube
biology.kenyon.edu
• The two sperm in each pollen grain go down pollen
tube that grows from stigma to ovary.
• One sperm fertilizes egg which develops into
embryo (becomes new plant).
• Other sperm fertilizes two polar nuclei to form
endosperm, which supplies energy and nutrients to
embryo.
FLOWERING PLANT REPRODUCTION:
STEPS IN SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
• Seed Production
– Package embryo and
endosperm into seed coat
• Seed Dispersal
– Movement of seeds away
from parent plant
– Methods include
exploding seed pods,
wind, water, animals
(eaten, hook on, etc.)
Exploding seed pod video
www.urbanext.uiuc.edu