* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Slide 1
Plant stress measurement wikipedia , lookup
History of botany wikipedia , lookup
Plant secondary metabolism wikipedia , lookup
Plant use of endophytic fungi in defense wikipedia , lookup
Plant defense against herbivory wikipedia , lookup
Plant breeding wikipedia , lookup
Evolutionary history of plants wikipedia , lookup
Venus flytrap wikipedia , lookup
Plant nutrition wikipedia , lookup
Plant physiology wikipedia , lookup
Plant ecology wikipedia , lookup
Plant morphology wikipedia , lookup
Plant reproduction wikipedia , lookup
Sustainable landscaping wikipedia , lookup
Plant evolutionary developmental biology wikipedia , lookup
Verbascum thapsus wikipedia , lookup
Flowering plant wikipedia , lookup
Glossary of plant morphology wikipedia , lookup
Non-Rooting Room Bulbs March 28, 2004 Concepts of Forcing • “Rooting Room Forcing” – Technique of “standard forcing” is used – Immediate post harvest temps control rate of flower initiation and formation – Rooting takes place during cold treatment – “Greenhouse Phase” only used to elongate flower stalks and expand the leaves Concepts of Forcing Cont… • “Non-Rooting Room” forcing – Primary difference to “standard forcing” is that rooting takes place in the greenhouse – For some, flower initiation and development also take place in the greenhouse phase (Easter Lilies and Dutch Iris) – “Non-Rooting” does not mean no cold treatment – There are two types of “Non-Rooting Room” bulbs Special Precooled • Developed for specific markets • Bulbs undergo certain cold treatments in order to bloom at certain times • An example is tulips grown as cut flowers for valentines day Standard “Non-Rooting Room” Bulbs • Exemplified by the Calla Lily • Perennial bulbs that is cycled in and out of the greenhouse • Generally have some type of short storage requirement (i.e. Calla Lilies require a minimum of 6 week postharvest storage at 35-48 F depending on variety) Programming Phase • Many “Non-Rooting Room” bulbs still have programming phases. This involves: – harvesting the bulbs at the correct stage – Proper handling and storage – Sufficient cold treatment Nonrooting Room Bulbs (to know) • • • • • • • Amaryllis (Hippeastrum) Canna Calla (Zantedeschia) Crocrosmia Dahlia Incarvillea Lilium Nonrooting Room Bulbs (Other) • • • • • Begonia Calochortus Eucomis Gladiolus Leucocoryne Amaryllis (Hippeastrum) • Plant from winter to spring • Plant one bulb per standard 6” pot – Nose should be above media • Grow at 70-85 F for at least 2 weeks to root • Flowers last for about one month • Use for large containers or interiorscapes Canna • Subclass: Monocotyledon • Family: Cannacea • Primary Use: Containers • Flowering Season: Summer • Hardiness: Tender III Planting, Watering, and Fert. • • • • Plant in Spring Well drained soil Some organic matter Fertilize 1-3 times during the growing season – Applications of 12-10-8 • Tolerate some drought but do best if kept moist • For containers use dwarf type cultivars – ‘Chinese Coral’ and ‘Lucifer’ Growth and Flowering • Cultural Requirements: – 70-85˚ F Summer – 41-50˚ F Winter • Can grow up to 9 ft tall • Flower for 2-3 months in summer • May be affected by Jap. Beetles in midsummer Flowers • Petaploid stamens • Colors include coral, cream, orange, pink, red, or yellow • 3 sepals, 3 petals, and up to 5 stamens formed Foliage • Long wide leaves • Color is green to bronze while some are variegated Major Diseases and Pests • Bud Rot (Xanthomonas cannae) • Canna Mosaic Virus • Botrytis cinerea • PESTS: Japanese Beetles and Slug and Nails Calla (Zantedeschia) • Two types – Z. aethiopica planted in fall and grown cool – Colored cultivars planted in spring and grown warm • Primarily used in containers • Tender II: Injured at temps below 50 F Crocosmia • Common name is Crocosmia: – Crocosmia sp. – Montbretia hybrids • Dried flowers smell of saffron; Greek: – Krokos (saffron) – Osme (smell) Crocosmia Bulb Structure • Corm – Probably has contractile roots (DeHertogh and Le Nard, 1993) Growth, Development, and Flowering • Summer Growing • Corms dormant in winter • Flowers in summer *Currently there are no reports available for effects of temperature and photoperiod on the growth and development of crocosmia Recent Study • Study by Armitage and Caushman (1990) – Planted cv. ‘James Coey’ in January, February, and March – All started flowering in July – Total Plant Height was 50-64.3 cm Planting, Watering, and Fert. • Generally 2-3 cm deep – Well drained soil – Well composted soil • Fertilized once at planting • Fertilized again 4 weeks later • Keep well watered in summer *All according to normal field growing practices of Dutch growers Major Diseases and Pests • Fire (Botrytis gladiolarum) – Can affect the leaves, flowers, and corms • Dry-Rot (Stromattinia gladioli) – Can affect roots and corm • Corm Rot (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. gladioli) – Primarily affects the corm • PESTS: Red spider mites Brent and Becky’s Description • • • • • • Up to 50 tubular, starry, warm, colorful blooms Blooms on 24”-36” gracefully arching stems Pest Resistant Sword like foliage similar to glads Blends in nicely adding linear accents Best in full sun Dahlia x • Subclass: Asteridae • Family: Compositae • Primary Use: Containers • Flowering Season: Summer • Hardiness: Tender III (injured at temps below 35 F) 13 Step Checklist (From the Holland Bulb Forcer’s Guide) 1. Purchase only specially-grown cultivars 2. On arrival, inspect for freezing injury, physical damage, and diseases 3. Store tuberous roots at 45 to 50 F 4. Use a well drained, pH 7, sterilized planting medium 5. Plant tuberous roots with crown above medium 6. Keep planting medium moist, BUT NOT WET 7. Use 63-65 F night and 73-77 day temps and a medium to high (greater than 2500 Foot Candles) light intensity greenhouse Checklist cont… 8. When required for height control, apply A-Rest 10-14 days after planting 9. Pinch single and strong double/weak-shooted plants at third or fourth node 10. After plants begin to grow, use either 14-14-14 osmocote or a liquid fertilizer program of 200ppm N of 20-20-20 2-3 times per week 11. When desired, spray dwarf cultivars with 66 PPM of A-Rest 12. Do not place marketable plants in cold storage 13. Ship marketable plants at 55 to 60 F Bulb Type • Tuberous Root System – Primarily enlarged root tissue – Crown containing one or more apical shoot meristems – Root primordia develop from distal end of enlarged roots Planting • Plant in late winter to Spring • Use one tuberous root per 6” diameter pot – Use 3 or more in large containers Fertilization • Requires continuous fertilization after visible shoot growth • Complete NPK required • Top dressed slow release fertilizer (14-1414) • Apps. of 200ppm N of a 20-20-20 soluble fert. can be used 2-3 times a week – Use this liquid feed to supplement the slow release Temperatures • Force at a min. night temp. of 63-65˚ F – Lower temps will delay flowering • Day temps should be 73-77˚ F – Higher day or night temps will accelerate flowering • AVOID TEMPS ABOVE 80˚ F • To delay flowering, lower the night temps to 55˚ F Forcing Times from Various Bud Stages to Opening of Flower (Depending on the cultivar) ½” 5/8” ¾” 1” Flower bud---14 days Flower bud---10 days Flower bud--- 7 days Flower bud--- 4 days Growth and Flowering • Cultural Requirements: – Grow at 60-65˚ F for 5-8 weeks • Market in USDA Zones 4 to 7 after the danger of the last frost has passed • Grow in full sun Pinching • Tuberous roots produce range of single, or multiple stemmed plants • Single strong shoot must be pinched – High quality plants – Maximum number of flowers • Optimal stage to pinch terminal shoot: after the third or fourth pair of leaves has unfolded Where to Pinch • Dahlias normally form 2-4 pairs of simple leaves – 1st Pair: Small, about 0.5” in length – 2nd Pair: 1-2” – 3rd Pair: 3-4” sometimes trifoliate – 4th Pair: 3-4” either simple, trifoliate, or pinnate • Pinch removes all terminal growth above the 3rd or 4th pair of leaves – give 2-4 lateral shoots Pinching cont… • Also some double stemmed plants that need to be pinched • If one shoot grows stronger than the other, pinch the strong shoot • Do not pinch shoots growing equally • Do not pinch if 3 shoots are growing – Do not allow more than 3 shoots to grow Pinching cont…. • Pinching will delay flowering 5 to 10 days • Pinched plants are slightly taller • If pinching is not done at optimal stages, flowering can be delayed • Low vigor plants are not pinched with the rest of the rest of the crop Flowers • Flowers form after 5-7 pairs of leaves • Colors: Solid, Bi-color, or multicolored • Royal Horticultural Society in Great Brittain divided flowers into 10 basic groups: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Single Flowered Anemone Collerette Peony-flowered Decorative Ball Pompon Cactus Semi-cactus Misc. Types Pests • • • • • Aphids Beet Army Worm Red Spider Thrips White Fly Physiological Disorders • On occasion, tuberous roots will fail to develop shoots – Caused by sterile roots or crown gall. Incarvillea sp. • • • • Plant in spring Expect a 14” leaf spread Use one tuberous root per 6” standard pot Cover crown of root with about 3” of medium Lilium • Can plant in fall, winter, or spring • Can go in variety of pot sizes and containers • Root for only 2-3 weeks in greenhouse and then market • Asiatic and Oriental types • Hardy I: injured at temps below 23F Begonia • • • • • • Plant in spring Grow at 60-65F Long days will promote earlier flowering Will flower for entire summer Use for hanging baskets or containers Tender III: injured at temps below 35F Calochortus Eucomis • Plant in Spring • Use at least 3 bulbs in large containers • Fertilize 2-3 times during the growing season • Tender II: Injured at temperatures below 50 F Leucocoryne • Plant in mass for best results • Off white to faded purple type color • Grass like foliage