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Plant Reproduction and Plant Diversity II Chapter 30/38 Quic kTime™ and a dec ompres sor are needed to see this picture. • Seed plants - vascular plants that produce seeds. • 3 adaptations that seed plants have: • 1Gametophyte more reduced. • 2Seed evolved. • 3Pollen evolved. QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this pict ure. • Gametophytes of seed plants almost invisible. • Gametophytes still exist - plants can destroy themselves at this stage if there something wrong with plant. Quic kTime™ and a dec ompres sor are needed to see this pic ture. QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. http://www.palaeos.com/Plants/Images/PhyscomitrellaRhizoids.jpg QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this pict ure. • Seed - sporophyte embryo packaged with food supply within protective coat. • Seed plants produce 2 different types of sporangia - produce 2 different types of spores: megaspores (female gametophyte) and microspores. • Gametophytes stay in sporophyte as it develops. http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/images/130/Early_development/Bean/bean_seed_2_MC.low.jpg QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. • Ovule - integuments (part protective covering), megaspore, and megasporangium. • Female gametophyte develops inside megaspore; produces 1 + egg cells. • Fertilized egg develops into sporophyte embryo. • Whole ovule develops into seed. QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this pict ure. • Microspores (pollen) – light, carried through air. • Pollen will create pollen tube - allow sperm to travel down into female gametophyte. • 2 groups of seed plants: gymnosperms and angiosperms. QuickTime™ and a d eco mpres sor are nee ded to s ee this picture. QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. http://www.hepafilters.com/images/pollen.gif Gymnosperms • 4 phyla of gymnosperms still around. • Phylum Ginkgophyta contains only Ginkgo biloba. QuickTi me™ and a decompressor are needed to see thi s pi ctur e. • Phylum Cycadophyta - cycads - look like palm trees. • Phylum Gnetophyta - 3 different types of plants (ephedra) • Phylum Coniferophyta - largest phyla conifers - from reproductive structure, cone. QuickTime™ and a d eco mpres sor are nee ded to s ee this picture. Conifers • Conifers are evergreen - keep leaves all year long. • Needles help in dry conditions. • Conifers include pines, firs, spruces, larches, yews, junipers, cedars, cypresses, and redwoods. QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see t his picture. http://www.cambridge2000.com/gallery/images/P3075134.jpg QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. Life cycle of gymnosperms • Conifers - heterosporous (develop male and female gametophytes) • Produce pollen cones and ovule cones. • During pollination, pollen falls on ovule. • Creates pollen tube that digests through megaspore. QuickTime™ and a d eco mpres sor are nee ded to s ee this picture. QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=62941&rendTypeId=4 • Megaspore, now fertilized, goes through meiosis to produce 4 haploid cells. • 1 cell turns into female gametophyte, others (archegonia) will develop within gametophyte. QuickTime™ and a d eco mpres sor are nee ded to s ee this picture . Angiosperms • Angiosperms - flowering plants produce flowers, fruit. • Phylum Anthophyta - all angiosperms. • Divided into 2 groups: monocots and dicots. • Monocots - leaves with parallel veins, dicots have netlike venation. QuickTime™ and a d eco mpres sor are nee ded to s ee this picture. • Angiosperms - long tracheids - help transport water, support plant. • Flower specialized for reproduction. • Most angiosperms rely on pollination through animals; grasses - random chance. QuickTime™ and a d eco mpres sor are nee ded to s ee this picture . • Flower - specialized shoot - 4 circles of modified leaves: sepals, petals, stamens, and carpals. • Sepals - base of flower - modified leaves that enclose flower before it opens. • Petals lie inside ring of sepals usually colorful in animal pollinated plants. QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. • Male organ - stamen - thin, stalk-like filament with sac at top. • Anther - produces haploid spores that develop into pollen grains. • Female organ - pistil - contains 3 parts: stigma, style, ovary. QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. http://img.sparknotes.com/figures/B/b1ab5bb87aee74a86fdae78ed564e663/flower.gif • Stigma - sticky top part of flower which extends beyond flower, catches pollen. • Style connects stigma to ovary at base of pistil which allows sperm to reach ovules. • Ovary - enlarged area at base of pistil - contains one or more ovules. • Entire structure - carpal. • Ovule contains egg nucleus. QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this pict ure. QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. http://park.org/Taiwan/Culture/Arts/flowers/religious/LB210302g2.jpg • Fruit - mature ovary. • As seeds develop from ovules after fertilization - wall of ovary thickens to form fruit. • Fruit helps protect seeds while they disperse. • Some fruits, dandelion, modified to catch wind. • Burrs that stick to animals - fruits. Quic kTime™ and a dec ompres sor are needed to see this pic ture. • Fruit develops after pollination triggers hormonal changes - cause ovarian growth. • Wall of ovary becomes pericarp (thickened wall of fruit) • If flower not pollinated - fruit will not develop. • 3 different types of fruits. QuickTime™ and a d eco mpres sor are nee ded to s ee this picture. QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. http://www.simplyclassicfruitbaskets.com/pic/fruit_festival_home.jpg • Simple fruits come from single ovary (cherries) • Aggregate fruit (blackberry) single flower with several carpals. • Multiple fruit (pineapple) develops tightly clustered group of flowers. QuickTime™ and a d eco mpres sor are nee ded to s ee this picture. • Ovules - contain female gametophyte, embryo sac. • Angiosperm life cycle starts with mature flower on sporophyte plant and ends with germinating seed. QuickTime™ and a d eco mpres sor are nee ded to s ee this picture . http://www.lclark.edu/~seavey/bio210/flower_dwg_ovules_pjt.gif QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. • Anthers of flower produce microspores that form male gametophytes (pollen). • Ovules produce megaspores that form female gametophytes (embryo sacs). • After its release from anther, pollen carried to sticky stigma of carpal. • Plants can self-pollinate; crosspollination better. Quic kTime™ and a dec ompres sor are needed to see this pic ture. QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. http://utc.usu.edu/factsheets/CarexFSF/CIG/rhexia_anthers4_lg.jpg • Pollen grain begins growing from stigma toward ovary. • Discharges 2 sperm cells into female gametophyte. • 1 sperm fuses with egg nucleus to form diploid zygote. • Develops into embryo. • Embryo has rudimentary root; one (in monocots) or two seed leaves (in dicots), cotyledons. QuickTime™ and a dec ompres sor are needed to s ee this pic ture. http://biofinity.org/images/Pollen%20Grain%20Micrograph.jpg QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. • Other sperm nucleus fuses with 2 polar bodies to form endosperm, (triploid or 3n) in monocots. • Dicots - nutrition goes directly to cotyledons. • As ovules develop into seeds, ovary develops into fruit. • Conditions favorable - germination occurs (seed coat ruptures, embryo emerges as seedling) QuickTime™ and a d eco mpres sor are nee ded to s ee this picture . http://www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/image/0017/81026/Seed_germination_620.JPG QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. http://www.wheatbp.net/Dissex-A.jpg QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. • Seedling uses food stored in either endosperm (monocot) or cotyledon (dicot) to start growth. QuickT ime ™an d a deco mpre ssor ar e need ed to see this pictur e. The fruit • Ovary of flower develops into fruit, protects enclosed seeds, aids in dispersal by wind or animals. • Wall of ovary becomes pericarp, (thickened wall of fruit) • Apples - fleshy from swollen receptacles. Quic kTime™ and a dec ompres sor are needed to see this pic ture. • As seed develops - enters dormancy - allows it to survive until conditions favorable. • 1st organ to emerge from germinating seed - radicle, embryonic root. Quick Time™ and a decompressor are needed to s ee this pic ture. Asexual reproduction • Plants can clone - vegetative reproduction. • Fragmentation - parent plant separates into parts - reform whole plants. • Scientists use this process to clone plants used for novelty. QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. Co-evolution • Certain animals only eat certain plants - forced evolution of one another. • Plants evolved special fragrances forces evolution of specific animals to pollinate these plants. QuickTi me™ and a decompressor are needed to see thi s pi ctur e. Plants and human welfare • All fruit and vegetable crops angiosperms. • Corn, rice, wheat, - grass fruits. • Use plants for medicinal purposes; more than 25% of our prescriptions come from plants. Quic kTime™ and a dec ompres sor are needed to see this pic ture.