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Download Basic Botany Review - Mrs. Merrill's Classroom
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Botany = Plant Science Agronomy - field crops, wheat, corn, soybeans Horticulture - fruits, veggies, woody ornamentals and floriculture crops Forestry - wood and pulp production, recreation, wildlife and watershed management Weed science - deal with controlling and management of unwanted plants. Major Uses of Plants as FOOD Grains – wheat, corn, oats, rye, barley, millet and grain sorghum Starchy Foods – potatoes, sweet potato, cassava, yam, banana Vegetables - sweet corn, snap bea, pea, bean, lettuce Fruits – apples, strawberries, blueberries, raspberries, watermelon Sugar Crops – sugar beets, sugar cane, (corn syrup) Oil Crops – soybean, sunflower, peanut, corn, cottonseed, olive Nuts - Walnut, Pecan; Spices – Vanilla, Pepper, Allspice, Oregano; Beverages – Coffee, Chocolate, Tea Nonfood Uses of Plants Fiber Crops Cotton and Flax Natural fibers have been replaced with synthetics. Common to see a blend of natural and synthetic fibers Nylon, rayon, polyester Cotton/polyester blend Timber, Fuel and Pulp Aesthetic Uses Cut flowers, turf grasses, green foliage Other Plant Products Medicines Drugs Perfumes Cosmetics Insecticides Industrial chemicals Careers in Plant Science (with a high school diploma) Greenhouse caretaker Plant propagator Orchard Care Taker Pesticide Applicator Groundskeeper Tractor Operator Combine harvester Careers in Plant Science with a 2-year (associate's) degree Greenhouse manager Golf course manager Pesticide dealer Crop supply salesperson Greenhouse supply salesperson 4-year degree job opportunities in Plant Science Crop marketing specialist Crop production specialist Fertilizer technologist Erosion control scientist Soil conservationist Seed technologist Turf grass specialist Graduate level careers in Plant Science Plant geneticist Plant breeder Biotechnologist Genetic engineer Plant pathologist Plant physiologist Statistician Weed scientist Basic Botany Roots Stems Leaves Flowers Seeds Plant Classifications Angiosperm: produces seeds enclosed in a fruit 1. Monocot: one seed leaf (cotyledon) ex. Corn, grass 2. Dicot: two seed leaves Ex: corn, deciduous trees ex. Beans, trees Gymnosperms: produces seeds enclosed in cones Ex: evergreen and pine trees Root Functions Absorption of water and nutrients (root hairs take up oxygen and water and it is transported through the xylem tissue in the plant) Transportation of water and nutrients to stem Anchor plant to maintain stability Stores food and water Root System Primary root: short-lived, develops from embryo Secondary root: branches from primary root, fibrous root, becomes primary root Root hairs: extensions reach between soil particles; absorbs water and nutrients; needs care when transplanting Parts of Roots Root hairs - site of absorption, one-celled, white, fuzzy hair-like growths that develop near the end of the root branches Root tip - where the root grows in length (4 to 6 cm of the “free end”) Root cap - provides protection for the root tip Epidermis - the outermost layer of cells Cortex: - undifferentiated plant tissue from which new cells arise at the tips of roots (under root cap) Root Hairs on a Tomato Plant Parts of Roots Growing point - just back of the root cap where active cell division Vascular tissue - is within the cortex, contains cells which transport water, nutrients, and minerals to all parts of the plant. Elongation region - where rapid growth in the length of the root takes place. Region of maturation - lies behind the growing point and is where secondary roots Types of Root Systems 1. Taproots: primary roots; reach deep into soil 2. Fibrous: no real primary roots; many fine roots, spread out at soil surface ex. Carrot, dandelions, oak ex. Annuals, grasses, shrubs 3. Fleshy: become food reservoirs, store surplus food ex. Carrots, turnips, beets Basic Plant Parts STEMS Function of Stems Attachment point for leaves, flowers, fruit Support Leaves have to have access to light and air Function of Stems Transport FOOD, WATER, MINERALS Through Capillary Action Vascular System: Xylem = water and nutrients taken from roots to leaves Phloem = manufactured food distributed to all parts of the plants Storage = of water, nutrients, waste Vascular Systems Monocot: bundles scattered throughout stem Dicots: segregated into circular pattern; separated by cambium layer (produces new xylem & phloem cells) Monocot Stem EPIDERMIS BUNDLE CAP XYLEM PHLOEM Vascular bundles in a scattered arrangement Monocot Stem Dicot Stem Epidermis Bundle Cap Xylem Cambium Layer Phloem Vascular bundles in a circular arrangement Dicot Stem Woody = accumulated dead xylem cells Herbaceous = nonwoody - succulent (corn, weeds, beans, annual flowers) Stem Structure: Terminal bud = tip of stem, point of elongation (cut it off and it’ll get a bushy plant) Auxillary bud = located above each leaf Node = where the leaf is attached Internode = region between nodes Stem Growth Growth in LENGTH = meristematic cells = active cell division Apical meristems = tips Growth in DIAMETER = cambium layer (rings) Cells divide between xylem and phloem Stem grows in diameter when: cambium layer divides on inner side of stem = new xylem and on outer side of stem = new phloem Trees in dormant seasons add different colors to the growth layers = rings Basic Plant Parts LEAVES Function To absorb sunlight for the manufacturing of plant sugars Photosynthesis Flattened surfaces present a large area for absorption of light energy To make food used by plants for growth & reproduction Types of Leaves Scale leaves - small, leathery, protective leaves, enclose & protect buds Seed leaves - cotyledons, are modified leaves (storage organs). Spines and tendrils - modified leaves that protect or assist in supporting stems Types of Leaves Storage leaves - found in bulbs and succulents, serve as food storage Bracts - which are often brightly colored (poinsettia) Conifers,(pines, firs, spruce)needleswaxy cuticles with sunken stomata resin canals on sides of vascular system to guard against insect damage Dicot Parts of a Leaf Blade - broad, thin part of leaf Petiole - thin stem attaching leaf to stem Sessile - leaves with no petiole Midrib - large, central vein Margin - edge of leaf Secondary vein - branches from main vein Apex or tip - top of leaf Base - bottom of leaf Monocots Sheath - portion of leaf blade surrounding stem Ligule - “collar” extension of sheath curving around stem Auricles - appendages that surround stem at junction of blade and sheath Cross-Section of A Leaf Epidermis - protection of leaf tissue Cuticle - waxy substance (cutin) protects leaf from dehydration Guard cells - open and close, regulate passage of H2O, O2, and CO2 Stoma - openings in leaf surface Mesophyll - middle layer of leaf, where photosynthesis occurs Palisade layer - dense upper layer Spongy mesophyll - lower layer air space Chloroplasts - actual sites of photosynthesis Leaf Characteristics Simple - one blade per leaf ex: grass, oak, apple Compound - several leaflets ex: sumac, locust 2 Types: Palmate Pinnate Leaf Arrangement along a Stem Rosulate - basal leaves form a rosette around stem Alternate - leaves occur at alternate spots on stem; single leaf at each node Opposite - leaves occur two at a node on opposite sides of stem oak, beech maple, ash, dogwood Whorled - 3 or more leaves at each node Looks compound but is actually simple Venation - arrangement of veins Parallel - from base to tip in parallel lines ex. Grasses/monocots Net-veined - veins branch from main midrib(s) and subdivide to finer veinlets more resistant to tearing Pinnate - veins are lateral from midrib to edge Palmate venation - principal vein extends outward, like ribs of a fan ex. Dicots, apple, maple leaves Tomatoes - Spiral Leaf Arrangement Unpruned vs. Pruned Flowers Basic Plant Parts Purpose of Flowers POLLINATION = Plant Sexual Reproduction Brightly colored & fragrant to attract bees, insects, birds Pollination occurs by animals, wind, human activity Flowers Dicots - typically have four or five sepals and/or petals, or multiples thereof Monocots - typically come in threes or multiples of three Flowers Contain 4 Parts Sepals: small, green, leaflike structures located at the base of a flower - protects opening bud and flower; supports petals; also called a calyx Petals: highly colored portions of a flower to attract pollination Stamen: male part of the flower Pistil: female part of the flower Female Part of the Flower (PISTIL) Stigma: pollen-collecting structure at top of pistil Style: support structure connecting ovary and stigma Ovary: enlarged base of the pistil contains ovules (eggs), if an egg is fertilized, the ovule develops into a seed. Pollination: pollen is collected at stigma, travels down style and reaches the ovary Male parts of the flower Stamen: Anther: pollen sac - located at top of structure...Contains pollen Filament: stalk supporting anther, holds the anther in position, making the pollen available for dispersement by wind, insects, or birds Tomato Flower Types of Flowers Complete/Perfect: flower with all four parts Incomplete/Imperfect: flower missing any of the four parts Corn plant: male and female parts in different places on one plant Male part = tassel Female part = ears Incomplete Flower Has ONLY male parts or female parts Male flower – sepals, petals & stamens but no pistil Female flower – sepals, petals, & pistil, but no stamens Examples: Kiwi, Ginkgo Plants are classified by reproduction life spans Annual: completes life cycle in one year Biennial: 2 year life cycle. Grows vegetation in one year. Flowers and dies off second year Ex: bedding plants, vegetables, corn, wheat Ex. Celery, asparagus, wild carrot Perennial: life span of 2 + years Ex. Trees, shrubs Tomato Reproductive Cycle Developing Buds Fertilized Flower Immature Flowers Mature Flower Immature Fruit Mature Fruit Developing Fruit SEXUAL & ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION Sexual & Asexual Reproduction Sexual: Propagation is by seed Asexual: Propagation is the increase of plants by vegetative methods. Sexual Reproduction Advantages more economical easier longer storage time Disadvantages do not breed true slow growth do not produce viable seeds How do pollen grains fertilize the ovules? Pollen grains are carried by wind, water, or animals Pollen lands on stigma, pollen tubes move toward ovary Fertilization happens in ovary Embryo is formed Embryo grows outward and forms fruit or seed Sexual Reproduction Self-fertilization, pollen and ovules are made by the same plant. Cross-fertilization, pollen and ovules come from genetically different plants. Cross-fertilization often leads to vigorous, highly productive plants, an effect called hybrid vigor. Cross-pollination is useful in plant breeding Repeated self-fertilization results in inbreeding. Inbred plants often show reduced vigor and make fewer fruits and seeds. Can be done by removing anthers from a plant before pollination, so that the grower can supply pollen from another selected plant Some plants cannot self-pollinate. Some plants have distinct male and female individuals. Asexual Reproduction Vegetative reproduction is asexual Three types of cuttings: a= without Tip cutting Leaf section, leaf petiole, or cutting veins Cutting of roots Ensure new plants are identical to parent plants Maintain desirable species Common types of asexual propagation Cuttings - portion of plant removed and forms roots (shrubs/houseplants) Grafting - shoot removed from parent plant and placed on another (apple/fruit trees) Budding - bud removed from parent plant and placed on stock (fruit trees/ornamentals roses) Division - clumps of plants dug up and separated (hostas, mums, lilies) Rhizomes - rhizomes dug up, cut into sections and planted (iris) Stolon - new plants root at nodes (strawberries SEEDS Sexual Reproduction Requires flowers to form, pollination & fertilization to occur, seeds develop and grow Pollen from anther falls on stigma of pistil from anther of stamen Fertilization occurs in ovary Ovary develops into fruit and ovules become seed Seeds are living or dormant 3 parts: 1. 2. 3. seed coat endosperm/cotyledon embryo Parts of the Seed Seed Coat Protective outer covering of the seed Helps transport seeds and keep them viable (alive) Endosperm Stores plant food (starch & protein) Feeds the growing embryo during germination Parts of the Seed Cotyledon Seed leaf - first leaves seen on a plant. Feeds the plant during first growth Dicots = 2 Monocots = 1 Embryo New plant that develops as a result of fertilization Epicotyl - forms all plant parts above the first node of the stem. Hypocotyl - forms the lower stem and roots Seeds Angiosperm— flowering plants, seeds are born in an enclosed ovary (some 250,000 species) Gymnosperm— seeds of gymnosperms are born naked with no ovary (pines, spruces, and ginkgo 700 species) Germination 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Seed coat softened by water Favorable temperatures must exist Endosperm feeds growing plant Epicotyl - grows away from gravity Hypocotyl - grows toward gravitational attraction Monocots vs. Dicots Cotyledons Monocots (grasses); remains inside seed for a longer period Dicots - push up through the soil at germination and act as true leaves Monocot Growth Dicot Growth FRUIT Fruit Consists of: Fertilized and mature ovules = SEEDS Ovary wall Seeds enclosed within the ovary Fleshy, as in the apple, or dry and hard as in a maple fruit apples, peaches, oranges, squash, cucumbers Seeds situated on outside of fruit tissue corn, strawberry Types of Fruit - Simple Develop from a single ovary Cherries and peaches (drupe), pears and apples (pome), and tomatoes (berries) Tomatoes are a botanical fruit since they develop from the flower, as do squash, cucumbers, and eggplant DRY: (fruit wall becomes papery and hard) Peanut (legumes), poppy (capsule), maple (samara), and walnut (nut) Tomato Types of Fruit - Aggregate Come from a single flower which has many ovaries Ovaries are fertilized separately and independently Strawberry and blackberry have an edible, enlarged receptacle Types of Fruit - Multiple Tight cluster of separate, independent flowers on a single structure Each flower will have its own calyx and corolla Pineapple, fig and the beet seed