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Plants & Photosynthesis A Dr. Production Why Study Plants? • • • • • • • • • • • • Oxygen can you breathe? Ozonedo you tan, burn or melanoma? Carbohydrates do you have food to eat? Fiber are you regular? Wood where do you live Fossil fuels do you drive or stay warm in the winter? Latex ever use plastic? Medicinesever get sick? Pitch do you like your furniture varnished & painted? Resins ever float a boat? Flavors & fragrancesdo you like tasteful aromatic food? Jobs… Careers in Horticulture: • • • • • Pomology-fruits Viticulture-grapes Enology-wine Olericulture-vegetables Ornamental Horticulturelandscape plants • Landscape Architecturedesign 1. Vascular tissue? No…………Bryophyte Yes………..Tracheophyte, go to 2 2. Seeds? No…………Seedless plant Yes………..Seed plant, go to 3 3. Covered Seeds? No…………Gymnosperm Yes………..Angiosperm, go to 4 4a. One cotyledon, parallel veins, 3X flowers, 1 pore pollen, scattered vascular bundles, fibrous roots Yes……….……monocot 4b. Two cotyledons, netted veins, 4X/5X flowers, >3 pored pollen, ringed vascular bundles, taproots Yes………..…..dicot What types of plants are there? Alternation of Generations • Plants (as all sexually reproducing organisms) spend part of their life haploid (gametophyte) and part of their life diploid (sporophyte). Avascular Plants : Mosses, Hornworts & Liverworts Life Cycle of a Moss Seedless Vascular Plants : Ferns, Club mosses, Horsetails and Whisk ferns Ferns are seedless plants whose flagellated sperm require moisture to reach the egg The life cycle of a fern Figure 29.11xa Life cycle of a fern: mature fern (diploid sporophyte) Life cycle of a fern: gametophyte Seedless plants formed vast “coal forests” • Ferns and other seedless plants once dominated ancient forests – Their remains formed coal 4 Female gametophyte (n) Haploid spore cells in ovule develop into female gametophyte, which makes egg. 5 Male gametophyte (pollen) Egg (n) grows tube to egg and makes and releases sperm. Sperm (n) Male gametophyte (pollen grain) HAPLOID DIPLOID MEIOSIS Ovule Fertilization Scale Sporangium (2n) Seed coat 3 Pollination HAPLOID Pollen grains (male gametophytes) (n) Embryo (2n) Integument 1 Female cone bears ovules. 6 Zygote develops MEIOSIS into embryo, and ovule becomes seed. 2 Male cone produces spores by meiosis; spores develop into pollen grains Zygote (2n) 7 Sporophyte Seed Seed falls to ground and germinates, and embryo grows into tree. Life Cycle of a Gymnosperm 2 Haploid spore in each Stigma Egg (n) ovule develops into female gametophyte, which produces egg. 3 Pollination Pollen grain and growth of pollen tube Ovule Pollen tube 1 Haploid spores in anthers develop into pollen grains: male gametophytes. Sperm Pollen (n) HAPLOID Meiosis Fertilization DIPLOID 4 Zygote (2n) Food supply Seed coat Seeds 7 Seed Ovary germinates, and embryo grows into plant. Ovule Sporophyte 6 Fruit Life Cycle of an Angiosperm 5 Seed Embryo (2n) Bryophytes Seedless Plants Tracheophytes Gymnosperms Angiosperms What is it? 1. 6. 2. 7. 3. 8. 4. 9. 5. 10. What is Photosynthesis? Photosynthesis is using light energy from the sun to make sugar Light E + CO2 + H2O C6H12O6 + O2 Photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplasts of autotrophs Light Reactions occur in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast Light reactions use light energy and water to produce: ATP Hydrogen (NADPH) Oxygen (as waste) The dark reactions are also called the Calvin Cycle or Carbon Fixation Dark reactions occur in the stroma of the chloroplasts They use energy to store it in the form of a sugar for later use Special plants called C4 plants, or CAM plants have specialized systems of photosynthesis CAM.qt Leaf Anatomy derm LeafWeb qt Anatomy Opening & Closing of Stomata Stem Anatomy Transport through Vascular Tissue • Xylem Wxyz Water • Phloem phood by photosynthesis FoodWeb qt Source & Sink Water&PlantsWebqt Water movement Root Anatomy Root Anatomy Flowers • The flower is the centerpiece of angiosperm reproduction Pollen grains Anther • Double Fertilization Stigma CARPEL Ovary STAMEN PETAL Ovule SEPAL Fruit • After fertilization the ovary matures into a fruit. In general fruits may be classified as simple, aggregate or multiple ). • Angiosperm fruit has 2 functions: 1. Protect the seeds during their maturation 2. Effectively disperse the mature seeds ripening.qt Tomatoes seed.qt The structure of a fruit reflects its function in seed dispersal • Fruits are adaptations that disperse seeds Seeds With double fertilization the following occurs: 1. The zygote develops into an embryo 2. The integuments develop into a seed coat 3. The ovary develops into a fruit 4. The primary endosperm nucleus divides to form endosperm Germin.qt Maizegr.qt Geotropism Maizepho.qt Geotropism Plant Responses (Tropisms) Tropisms vs Taxisms Thigmotropism Physical Contact. Thermotropism Temperature Electrotropism Electricity Aerotropism Oxygen Phototropism light Plants in Motion Tropisms Mimosa, Sundew Chemotropism Chemicals Traumotropism Wounding Skototropism Dark Gravitropism Gravity Plants Can Tell Time • Circadian Rhythms Sleep Movements in Legume Silk Tree Plant Defenses • • • • Physical thorns, spines, hairs Chemical poisons, irritants, medicines Ingestibilitycellulose Mechanical thigmotropism • Systemic Defense Against Herbivores Plant Hormones Hormone: a chemical substance effective in small quantities, that is produced one place and has its effects elsewhere • Auxinsroot formation, apical dominance • Giberellins seed germination, stem elongation • Cytokinins cell division, differentiation • Abscisic Acid ab secare plant maturation, leaf abscission (what time of year?) • Ethylene leaf abscission, one bad apple… Cucumber Cytokinins Strawberry Ripening Agriculture is based almost entirely on angiosperms • Gymnosperms supply most of our lumber and paper • Angiosperms provide most of our food – Fruits, vegetables, and grains • Angiosperms also provide other important products – Medications, fiber, perfumes Interactions with animals profoundly influenced angiosperm evolution (Coevolution) • Angiosperms are a major source of food for animals – Animals also aid plants in pollination and seed dispersal Connection: Plant diversity is a nonrenewable resource • 20% of the tropical forests worldwide were destroyed in the last third of the 20th century • The forests of North America have shrunk by almost 40% in the last 200 years • Some plants in these forests can be used in medicinal ways – More than 25% of prescription drugs are extracted from plants References • Plant Anatomy: BIO 102 • http://generalhorticulture.tamu.edu/HORT604/LectureSuppl/Anatomy Organs/AnatomyOrgans05.htm • Plants in Motion Movies: • The Life Wire Textbook Animations • Biology I Tutor Vista Animations • Plant Curriculum Links • 4 Types of Plants Video • The World of Plants: Plants & People Video • Science of Life; The World of Plants • Tour of a Plant Cell Study Guide