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Plants - Back to Basics Why are plants important? Plant structures - from the bottom up Plant life processes - making food and using energy (respiration, photosynthesis, transpiration) Energy Flow Energy reaches Earth from the sun (electromagnetic energy) Solar energy is transformed into chemical energy (sugars) by plants All animals ultimately rely on energy captured by plants Roots absorb water and minerals from soil anchor plant in soil or other substrate store food xylem tissue transports water and minerals from roots to other parts of plant (xylem UP) obtain sugars and other organic nutrients from the leaves Respiration process by which energy is released from sugars requires oxygen plants take in oxygen through their roots for use in respiration Stems shoot = stem and leaves nodes = where leaf is attached to stem stem consists of nodes and internodes (segments between nodes) Stems, continued terminal bud = point at tip of shoot with developing leaves, nodes and internodes axillary bud = buds at nodes; new branches grow from axillary buds Modified stems stolons = horizontal stems above ground rhizomes = horizontal stems below ground bulbs = vertical, underground shoots (stems with modified leaves) Leaves solar panels blade with petiole (stalk) petiole = joins the leaf to a node on the stem (grasses and some other plants lack petioles) Leaf Arrangement Simple leaf vs. compound leaf simple, compound (palmate, pinnate, doubly pinnate) Venation parallel, palmately net-veined, pinnately net-veined Leaf Shape Deciduous = plants that drop all of their leaves at one time once a year in response to seasonal changes (temperature, precipitation) Evergreen = plants with green leaves throughout the year leaves are shed and replaced individually Leaf anatomy Photosynthesis process by which plants make sugars (convert sun’s energy into food) takes place in chloroplasts uses carbon dioxide and water to make sugars and oxygen phloem tissues transport sugars to non-photosynthetic parts of the plant (phloem DOWN) Photosynthesis, continued plants use sugars for food (energy) and to make larger molecules, such as cellulose plants store extra sugars as starch most important process for life on Earth Photosynthesis vs. Respiration Photosynthesis Produces food Respiration Uses food for plant energy Releases energy Stores energy Occurs in cells that Occurs in all cells contain chloroplasts Releases oxygen Uses water Uses oxygen Produces water Transpiration transpiration is the loss of water from a plant through evaporation transpiration drives the movement of water, minerals and nutrients through the plant Transport from roots to stems roots take in water and dissolved minerals roots take in oxygen and give off carbon dioxide water and minerals transported up from roots by the xylem transpiration through leaves (stomata) creates force that pulls xylem sap upwards Transport in stems and leaves leaves take in carbon dioxide and give off oxygen sugars created by photosynthesis transported to rest of plant by phloem Plant reproduction Reproduction in vascular plants with seeds seed = embryo with stored food in a protective covering • 360 million years ago flowering plants = seeds in protective chamber (ovary) • 130 million years ago Gymnosperms seeds not in a protective chamber (“naked seed”) most bear cones (pollen cones and seed cones) conifers are the most diverse group of gymnosperms Gymnosperms Alaska yellow-cedar cycad Douglas fir seed cone Angiosperms flowering plants = seeds in a protective chamber (ovary) two major divisions of angiosperms: monocots dicots Flowers sepal petal stamen filament anther carpel (pistil) ovary style stigma fruit = mature ovary Flowering plant life cycle seed germinating seed seedling fruit (develops from ovary) seed (develops from ovule) mature plant with flowers germinated pollen grain on stigma pollen tube ovary ovule Pollination Fertilization pollen grains attach to stigma pollen contains sperm cells pollen grain germinates pollen tube grows toward and into the egg cell fertilization occurs when a sperm nucleus unites with an egg nucleus cross-pollination vs. self-pollination Banksia plants in Australia Flowers Fruit with seed pods open Animals and Flowering Plants: Adaptations pollination modified flowers • insects • small mammals (esp. bats) • birds seed dispersal carried passed through digestive tract