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1 INTERACTION AND INTERDEPENDENCE The scientific study of interactions among organism and between organisms and their environment is ____________ ECOLOGY 1. BIOSPHERE contains the combined portions of The _____________ the planet in which all life exists. 2. LAND WATER and The biosphere consists of ________, _________, AIR or the atmosphere ______ 3. Interactions within the biosphere produce a web of dependence between organisms and the environment _____________ in which they live. 2 LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION WHAT ARE THE SIX LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION THAT ECOLOGISTS STUDY? 1. Some ecologists study the interactions between a particular kind of organism and its surroundings. contains the combined portions _____________ of the planet in which all life exists. species level. This type of study is at the _______ Species are organisms that can mate with each other and produce fertile offspring. populations or groups of 2. Other ecologists study ___________, 3 __________ individuals that belong to the same species. LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION WHAT ARE THE SIX LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION THAT ECOLOGISTS STUDY? 3. At another level, ecologists study the _____________ communities or different populations that live together. 4. Some ecologists study a particular ecosystem. An _____________ is a collection of all the ecosystem ______________ that live in a particular place, with organisms their nonliving, or physical environment. 4 LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION WHAT ARE THE SIX LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION THAT ECOLOGISTS STUDY? 5. When ecologists study larger ecosystems, with the same climate and similar communities they are studying a _______. biome 6. The highest level of organization that ecologists biosphere (i. e., from the bottom can study is the _________ of the ocean to the top of the atmosphere. 5 ENERGY FLOW At the core of every organism’s interaction with its environment is its need for _______ energy to power life’s processes. PRODUCERS With out a constant input of energy, living systems sunlight is the main energy cannot function. ________ source for life on earth. some types of organisms rely on energy stored in inorganic ____________________. (Ex: mineral chemical compounds water that flows underground or boils out of hot springs and undersea vents is loaded with chemical energy. 6 ENERGY FLOW PRODUCERS Only plants, some algae and certain bacteria can capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use that energy to produce food. These organisms are autotrophs (producers). called ___________ The best known __________ autotrophs are those who harness solar energy through a process known as _______________. photosynthesis During photosynthesis, these autotrophs use light energy to power chemical reactions that convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and energy_____________ rich carbohydrates such as ________. glucose 7 ENERGY FLOW Life without Light When organisms use chemical energy to produce carbohydrates, the process is called chemosynthesis ______________. This process is performed by several types of bacteria ( i. e., which live in volcanic vents on the ocean floor, or hot springs in Yellow Stone Park). 8 ENERGY FLOW CONSUMERS Animals, fungi and many bacteria cannot harness _____________ energy directly from the physical environment as autotrophs do. Organisms that rely on other organisms for their energy and food supply are called ____________. heterotrophs consumers Heterotrophs are called __________. 9 ENERGY FLOW PRODUCERS There are many different types of heterotrophs. herbivores • ____________ caterpillars) = plant eaters (cows and • ____________ carnivores owls) = animal eaters (snakes or • ____________ = plant and animal eaters omnivores (human and bears) • ____________ = feed on plants and animal detrivores remains (mites and earth worms) • _______________ decomposers = break down organic 10 ENERGY FLOW FEEDING RELATIONSHIPS What happens to energy in an eco system when one organism eats another? ecosystem in one Energy flows through an ___________ direction, from the sun or inorganic compounds autotrophs and then to various ____________. heterotrophs to __________ 11 ENERGY FLOW FOOD CHAINS The _______ energy stored by producers can be passed food chain a through an ecosystem along the __________, series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten. FOOD WEBS feeding relationships among the various When the _______ organisms in an eco system form a network full of complex interactions, ecologists describe food web these relationships as a ________. 12 ENERGY FLOW TROPHIC LEVELS Each step in a food chain or food web is called a trophic level. _______ _________ producers make up the first level. consumers __________ make up the second, third or higher trophic levels. Each consumer depends on the trophic level _____ below it for energy. 13 ENERGY FLOW ECOLOGICAL PYRAMIDS The amount of energy or matter in an ecosystem ecological pyramid can be represented by an _________________. An ecological pyramid is a diagram that shows the energy or matter contained relative amounts of ________________ within each trophic level in a food chain or food web. There are three different kinds of pyramids: _________________ Energy Pyramid ____________________ Biomass Pyramid _____________________ Pyramid of Numbers 14 ENERGY FLOW ENERGY PYRAMID There is no limit ot the number of trophic levels that a food chain can support, but only one part of the energy that is stored is passed on to the next level. This is because organisms use as much energy as they consume for life processes (Example: respiration and movement). 10 % of the energy available within one Only about ______ trophic level is transferred to organisms at the next level. 15 16 17 ENERGY FLOW BIOMASS PYRAMID living tissue within a given The total amount of ___________ trophic level is called _________. biomass Biomass is usually expressed in terms of _______ grams of organic matter per unit area. A biomass pyramid represents the amount of _____________ potential food available for each trophic level in an ecosystem. 18 ENERGY FLOW PYRAMID OF NUMBERS Ecological pyramids can also be based on the numbers of individual organisms at each trophic _________ level. 19 20 CHAPTER 3-1 WHAT IS ECOLOGY 1. At the core of every organism’s interaction with its environment is its need for energy to power life’s processes __________________________________ 2. This determines a system’s capacity to . ____________. sustain life Sunlight 3. __________ is the main energy source for life on earth. Less than 1 % of sunlight is actually used 4. _____________ by living things. 21 Interaction and Interdependence The scientific study of interactions among organism and between organisms and their environment is ____________ ECOLOGY 1. BIOSPHERE contains the combined portions of The _____________ the planet in which all life exists. 2. LAND WATER and The biosphere consists of ________, _________, AIR or the atmosphere ______ 3. Interactions within the biosphere produce a web of dependence between organisms and the environment _____________ in which they live. 22 Biological systems pass the same molecules around again and again within the biosphere 4. During the water cycle, water molecules enters the atmosphere as _____________, water vapor a gas. Warm moist air rises. Eventually it cools and condenses into tiny __________ droplets __________ that form __________. clouds When water droplets become large enough, the water precipitation returns to the earth as ______________. 23 runs along the On land, water _______ surface of the land until it reaches rivers, streams lakes, etc. seeps into the soil, where Water also ______ plants through the ______. roots it enters _______ 24 5. The food you eat provides energy and chemicals to keep you alive. All the chemical substances that an organism needs to sustain life are its _____________. nutrients 6. _________ Carbon is a key ingredient in living tissues. It forms animal skeletons; is an important component of the atmosphere, and is taken up by plants in photosynthesis. In the atmosphere, carbon is present as Carbon dioxide gas (CO2) _________________________. Carbon dioxide is released into the air byvolcanic ___________activity, burning forests and fossil fuels of _______________________ anddecomposistion by _______________ of organic matter. 25 Animals release carbon dioxide as a waste product of cellular respiration ___________________. Plants use carbon dioxide in photosynthesis to build carbohydrates ______________. Carbohydrates are passed along food webs to consumers. Decomposition ________________ of waste and dead organisms return carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. In the oceans carbon is found in the from of calcium carbonate ___________________, Which breaks down and returns carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. 26 5. Some type of organisms rely on energy stored in inorganic chemical compounds __________________________________ 6. ____________ Mineral water and _______________ undersea vents are loaded with chemical energy. environment 7. Autotrophs use energy from the ____________to fuel the __________________________________________ assembly of simple inorganic compounds into complex _________________ organic compounds Autotrophs make their own food and are called 8. ____________ producers __________. 27 9. Describe the process of Photosynthesis Light Energy CO + H O Carbohydrates + H20 2 2 __________________________________ 10.Photosynthesis is responsible for adding _________ oxygen to and removing carbon _____________ dioxide from Earth’s atmosphere. plants are the main autotrophs. In 11.On land, ______ water, _____ algae are the main autotrophs. Photosynthetic bacteria (cyanobacteria) ___________________________________ are important autotrophs in tidal flats and salt marshes 28 12.Describe the process of Chemosynthesis Chemical Energy H S + O Carbohydrates 2 2 __________________________________ 13.Where do most Chemotophs live? __________________________________________. Volcanic vents, hot springs, tidal marshes 29 30 NOTES ON POPULATION BIOLOGY 1. The important characteristics of a population are geographic distribution ________, density and _____________________, growth rate ___________ 2. Three factors that affect population size: Number of births ___________________ Number of deaths ______________________________ Number of individuals that enter or leave the population __________________________________________________________________ 31 NOTES ON POPULATION BIOLOGY 3. The movement of a species into an area is ____________ immigration 4. The movement of a species out of an area is emigration ___________________ 32 NOTES ON POPULATION BIOLOGY space and food 5. If a population has abundant ________________________, Is protected from predators and disease and _____________________________________, multiply and then organisms in that population will __________ the population size will _________ increase 6. When populations reproduce at a constant rate, exponential _____________ growth occurs. This occurs when there are ______________________________ unlimited resources and the absence of predation and disease ________________________________ 33 NOTES ON POPULATION BIOLOGY 7. Look on page 121. In the space below, draw the shape of an exponential growth curve 8. The growth of a population slows down or stops as resources becomes less available ________________________________. 9. This slowing down or stopping of a population’s growth following a period of exponential growth is logistic growth called _______________. 34 NOTES ON POPULATION BIOLOGY 10.What might cause growth a population to slow down or stop? when the birth rate decreases ______________________________________ when the death rate increases ___________________________________________________________ when the rate of immigration decreases ___________________________________________________________ when the rate of emigration increases ______________________________________ 11.Look on page 122. In the space below, draw the graph showing logistic growth of a yeast population. 35 NOTES ON POPULATION BIOLOGY 12.The largest number of individuals that a given environment can support is called the carrying capacity ________________. 13.Natural populations of familiar plant and animal logistic growth curve. species usually follow a __________________________________. In the natural world, there are many factors that limit population growth. 36