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INTERACTION AND INTERDEPENDENCE
The scientific study of interactions among organism and
between organisms and their environment is
____________
ECOLOGY
1.
BIOSPHERE contains the combined portions of
The _____________
the planet in which all life exists.
2.
LAND
WATER and
The biosphere consists of ________,
_________,
AIR or the atmosphere
______
3.
Interactions within the biosphere produce a web of
dependence between organisms and the environment
_____________
in which they live.
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LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
WHAT ARE THE SIX LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
THAT ECOLOGISTS STUDY?
1. Some ecologists study the interactions between a
particular kind of organism and its
surroundings. contains the combined portions
_____________
of the planet in which all life exists.
species level.
This type of study is at the _______
Species are organisms that can mate with each
other and produce fertile offspring.
populations or groups of
2. Other ecologists study ___________,
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__________
individuals that belong to the same species.
LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
WHAT ARE THE SIX LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
THAT ECOLOGISTS STUDY?
3. At another level, ecologists study the
_____________
communities or different populations that live
together.
4. Some ecologists study a particular ecosystem. An
_____________
is a collection of all the
ecosystem
______________
that live in a particular place, with
organisms
their nonliving, or physical environment.
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LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
WHAT ARE THE SIX LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
THAT ECOLOGISTS STUDY?
5. When ecologists study larger ecosystems, with
the same climate and similar communities they
are studying a _______.
biome
6. The highest level of organization that ecologists
biosphere (i. e., from the bottom
can study is the _________
of the ocean to the top of the atmosphere.
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ENERGY FLOW
At the core of every organism’s interaction with its
environment is its need for _______
energy to power life’s
processes.
PRODUCERS
With out a constant input of energy, living systems
sunlight is the main energy
cannot function. ________
source for life on earth.
some types of organisms rely on energy stored in
inorganic ____________________.
(Ex: mineral
chemical compounds
water that flows underground or boils out of hot
springs and undersea vents is loaded with chemical
energy.
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ENERGY FLOW
PRODUCERS
Only plants, some algae and certain bacteria can
capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use
that energy to produce food. These organisms are
autotrophs (producers).
called ___________
The best known __________
autotrophs are those who harness
solar energy through a process known as
_______________.
photosynthesis
During photosynthesis, these autotrophs use light
energy to power chemical reactions that convert
carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and energy_____________
rich carbohydrates such as ________.
glucose
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ENERGY FLOW
Life without Light
When organisms use chemical energy to produce
carbohydrates, the process is called
chemosynthesis
______________.
This process is performed by several types of bacteria (
i. e., which live in volcanic vents on the ocean floor,
or hot springs in Yellow Stone Park).
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ENERGY FLOW
CONSUMERS
Animals, fungi and many bacteria cannot harness
_____________
energy directly from the physical environment as
autotrophs do.
Organisms that rely on other organisms for their energy
and food supply are called ____________.
heterotrophs
consumers
Heterotrophs are called __________.
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ENERGY FLOW
PRODUCERS
There are many different types of heterotrophs.
herbivores
• ____________
caterpillars)
= plant eaters (cows and
• ____________
carnivores
owls)
= animal eaters (snakes or
• ____________
= plant and animal eaters
omnivores
(human and bears)
• ____________
= feed on plants and animal
detrivores
remains (mites and earth worms)
• _______________
decomposers
= break down organic
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ENERGY FLOW
FEEDING RELATIONSHIPS
What happens to energy in an eco system when
one organism eats another?
ecosystem in one
Energy flows through an ___________
direction, from the sun or inorganic compounds
autotrophs and then to various ____________.
heterotrophs
to __________
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ENERGY FLOW
FOOD CHAINS
The _______
energy stored by producers can be passed
food chain a
through an ecosystem along the __________,
series of steps in which organisms transfer
energy by eating and being eaten.
FOOD WEBS
feeding relationships among the various
When the _______
organisms in an eco system form a network full
of complex interactions, ecologists describe
food web
these relationships as a ________.
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ENERGY FLOW
TROPHIC LEVELS
Each step in a food chain or food web is called a
trophic level.
_______
_________
producers make up the first level.
consumers
__________ make up the second, third or higher
trophic levels.
Each consumer depends on the trophic level _____
below
it for energy.
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ENERGY FLOW
ECOLOGICAL PYRAMIDS
The amount of energy or matter in an ecosystem
ecological pyramid
can be represented by an _________________.
An ecological pyramid is a diagram that shows the
energy or matter contained
relative amounts of ________________
within each trophic level in a food chain or food
web.
There are three different kinds of pyramids:
_________________
Energy Pyramid
____________________
Biomass Pyramid
_____________________
Pyramid
of Numbers
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ENERGY FLOW
ENERGY PYRAMID
There is no limit ot the number of trophic levels that
a food chain can support, but only one part of the
energy that is stored is passed on to the next
level. This is because organisms use as much
energy as they consume for life processes
(Example: respiration and movement).
10 % of the energy available within one
Only about ______
trophic level is transferred to organisms at the
next level.
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ENERGY FLOW
BIOMASS PYRAMID
living tissue within a given
The total amount of ___________
trophic level is called _________.
biomass
Biomass is usually expressed in terms of _______
grams of
organic matter per unit area.
A biomass pyramid represents the amount of
_____________
potential food available for each trophic level in
an ecosystem.
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ENERGY FLOW
PYRAMID OF NUMBERS
Ecological pyramids can also be based on the
numbers of individual organisms at each trophic
_________
level.
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CHAPTER 3-1 WHAT IS ECOLOGY
1. At the core of every organism’s interaction
with its environment is its
need
for energy to power life’s processes
__________________________________
2. This determines a system’s capacity to .
____________.
sustain life
Sunlight
3. __________
is the main energy source for
life on earth.
Less than 1 % of sunlight is actually used
4. _____________
by living things.
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Interaction and Interdependence
The scientific study of interactions among organism and
between organisms and their environment is
____________
ECOLOGY
1.
BIOSPHERE contains the combined portions of
The _____________
the planet in which all life exists.
2.
LAND
WATER and
The biosphere consists of ________,
_________,
AIR or the atmosphere
______
3.
Interactions within the biosphere produce a web of
dependence between organisms and the environment
_____________
in which they live.
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Biological systems pass the same molecules around again
and again within the biosphere
4. During the water cycle, water molecules enters the
atmosphere as _____________,
water vapor a gas.
Warm moist air rises. Eventually it cools and
condenses into tiny __________
droplets
__________
that form
__________.
clouds
When water droplets become large enough, the water
precipitation
returns to the earth as ______________.
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runs along the
On land, water _______
surface of the land until it reaches
rivers, streams lakes, etc.
seeps into the soil, where
Water also ______
plants through the ______.
roots
it enters _______
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5. The food you eat provides energy and chemicals to
keep you alive. All the chemical substances that an
organism needs to sustain life are its
_____________.
nutrients
6. _________
Carbon is a key ingredient in living tissues. It
forms animal skeletons; is an important component of
the atmosphere, and is taken up by plants in
photosynthesis.
In the atmosphere, carbon is present as
Carbon
dioxide gas (CO2)
_________________________.
Carbon dioxide is
released into the air byvolcanic
___________activity, burning
forests
and fossil fuels
of _______________________
anddecomposistion
by
_______________ of organic matter.
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Animals release carbon dioxide as a waste product of
cellular respiration
___________________.
Plants use carbon dioxide in photosynthesis to build
carbohydrates
______________.
Carbohydrates are passed along food webs to
consumers. Decomposition
________________ of waste and dead
organisms return carbon dioxide to the atmosphere.
In the oceans carbon is found in the from of
calcium
carbonate
___________________,
Which breaks down and
returns carbon dioxide to the atmosphere.
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5. Some type of organisms rely on
energy
stored in inorganic chemical compounds
__________________________________
6. ____________
Mineral water and _______________
undersea vents are loaded
with chemical energy.
environment
7. Autotrophs use energy from the ____________to
fuel the
__________________________________________
assembly of simple inorganic compounds into complex
_________________
organic compounds
Autotrophs make their own food and are called
8. ____________
producers
__________.
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9. Describe the process of Photosynthesis
Light Energy
CO
+
H
O
Carbohydrates + H20
2
2
__________________________________
10.Photosynthesis is responsible for adding
_________
oxygen to and removing carbon
_____________
dioxide from
Earth’s atmosphere.
plants are the main autotrophs. In
11.On land, ______
water, _____
algae are the main autotrophs.
Photosynthetic
bacteria (cyanobacteria)
___________________________________
are important autotrophs in tidal flats and salt marshes
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12.Describe the process of Chemosynthesis
Chemical Energy
H
S
+
O
Carbohydrates
2
2
__________________________________
13.Where do most Chemotophs live?
__________________________________________.
Volcanic vents, hot springs, tidal marshes
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NOTES ON POPULATION BIOLOGY
1. The important characteristics of a population are
geographic distribution ________,
density and
_____________________,
growth rate
___________
2. Three factors that affect population size:
Number of births
___________________
Number of deaths
______________________________
Number
of individuals that enter or leave the population
__________________________________________________________________
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NOTES ON POPULATION BIOLOGY
3. The movement of a species into an area is
____________
immigration
4. The movement of a species out of an area is
emigration
___________________
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NOTES ON POPULATION BIOLOGY
space and food
5. If a population has abundant
________________________,
Is protected from predators and disease
and _____________________________________,
multiply and
then organisms in that population will __________
the population size will _________
increase
6. When populations reproduce at a constant rate,
exponential
_____________
growth occurs. This occurs when
there are ______________________________
unlimited resources and the absence of
predation and disease
________________________________
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NOTES ON POPULATION BIOLOGY
7. Look on page 121. In the space below, draw the
shape of an exponential growth curve
8. The growth of a population slows down or stops as
resources becomes less available
________________________________.
9. This slowing down or stopping of a population’s
growth following a period of exponential growth is
logistic growth
called
_______________.
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NOTES ON POPULATION BIOLOGY
10.What might cause growth a population to slow down
or stop?
when the birth rate decreases
______________________________________
when the death rate increases
___________________________________________________________
when the rate of immigration decreases
___________________________________________________________
when the rate of emigration increases
______________________________________
11.Look on page 122. In the space below, draw the
graph showing logistic growth of a yeast population.
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NOTES ON POPULATION BIOLOGY
12.The largest number of individuals that a given
environment can support is called the
carrying capacity
________________.
13.Natural populations of familiar plant and animal
logistic growth curve.
species usually follow a __________________________________.
In the natural world, there are many factors that limit
population growth.
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