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Objective: Learn What Factors Make an Ecosystem More Stable Key Words: Biodiversity, Genetic Variation, Grassland Forest Desert Rainforest Do Now: Write 4 factors that determine the stability in an ecosystem Biodiversity, Cycle of Matter, Genetic variation, Flow of Energy The more biodiversity present in an ecosystem the more stable the ecosystem is. Flow of Energy Genetic variation Stability Cycle of Matter Biodiversity Community Interactions When organisms live together in ecological communities, they interact constantly. Objective: Understand the Community Interactions in an Ecosystem Key Words: Competition, Predation, Symbiosis, Mutualism, Commensalism, Parasitism, Host Competition Organisms of the same or different species attempt to use an ecological resource in the same place at the same time The competitive exclusion principle: No two species can occupy the same niche in the same habitat at the same time. Objective: Understand the Community Interactions in an Ecosystem Key Words: Competition, Predation, Symbiosis, Mutualism, Commensalism, Parasitism, Host Predation One organism captures and feeds another organism • The organism that does the killing and eating is called the Predator • The food organism is the Prey Cheetah Impala Objective: Understand the Community Interactions in an Ecosystem Key Words: Competition, Predation, Symbiosis, Mutualism, Commensalism, Parasitism, Host Symbiosis Two species live closely together Parasitism Mutualism Both species benefit from the relationship Many flowers depend on certain species of insects to pollinate them Commensalism One member of the association benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed Small marine animals called barnacles, attach themselves to a whale’s skin One organism lives on or inside another organism and harms it Parasites: fleas, tapeworms, ticks, lice… obtain nutrients from another organism (Host) Objective: Understand the Community Interactions in an Ecosystem Key Words: Competition, Predation, Symbosis, Mutualism, Commensalism, Parasitism, Host - - + - + + Mutualism + O Commensalism + Parasitism Predation Commensalism Parasitism Predation Competitions - Objective: Understand the Community Interactions in an Ecosystem Key Words: Competition, Predation, Symbiosis, Mutualism, Commensalism, Parasitism, Host Objective: Understand the Community Interactions in an Ecosystem Key Words: Competition, Predation, Symbiosis, Mutualism, Commensalism, Parasitism, Host • Termites have cellulose-digesting microorganisms living in their digestive tracts. Without these microorganisms, termites could not get nutrients from the wood they eat. In turn, the termites, provide the microorganisms with food and a place to live. termites Cellulose-digesting microorganisms Mutualism This type of relationship is know as ______________________________ Objective: Understand the Community Interactions in an Ecosystem Key Words: Competition, Predation, Symbiosis, Mutualism, Commensalism, Parasitism, Host termites Cellulose-digesting microorganisms Lichens Pilot fish termites Legumes, clover, alfalfa, peas Nodules on the roots with bacteria tapeworm Clownfish Anemone Objective: Understand the Community Interactions in an Ecosystem Key Words: Competition, Predation, Symbiosis, Mutualism, Commensalism, Parasitism, Host • Pilot fish are small fish that live with sharks. They eat the scraps left over from the shark’s feeding. Thus, the shark provides the pilot fish with food. The pilot fish neither helps nor hurts the shark. Pilot fish Commensalism This type of relationship is know as ______________________________ Objective: Understand the Community Interactions in an Ecosystem Key Words: Competition, Predation, Symbiosis, Mutualism, Commensalism, Parasitism, Host • Lichens consist of algal or blue-green bacterial and fungal cells. • Both types of cells benefit from this association. • It allows them to live in environments in which neither could survive alone. • Through photosynthesis, the algae or bluegreen bacteria produce food for themselves and for the fungi. • The fungi provide moisture and the structural framework and attachment sites in which the algae or bacteria grow. Mutualism This type of relationship is know as ______________ Lichens Objective: Understand the Community Interactions in an Ecosystem Key Words: Competition, Predation, Symbiosis, Mutualism, Commensalism, Parasitism, Host • Legumes, clover, alfalfa, peas, have nodules on their roots in which certain bacteria grow. • The bacteria convert nitrogen gas from the air in the soil into forms usable by the plants. • In this relationship, the plants are supplied with the nitrogen compounds they need, while the bacteria are given an environment in which they can grow and reproduce. Mutualism This type of relationship is know as ______________ Nodules on the roots with bacteria Legumes, clover, alfalfa, peas Objective: Understand the Community Interactions in an Ecosystem Key Words: Competition, Predation, Symbiosis, Mutualism, Commensalism, Parasitism, Host • Tapeworms live in the digestive tracts of various animals. • There they are provided with nutrients and an environment in which to grow and reproduce. • However the host is harmed by the presence of the tapeworms. • The loss of nutrients and tissue damage caused by the worm can cause serious illness. Parasitism This type of relationship is know as ______________________________ tapeworm Objective: Understand the Community Interactions in an Ecosystem Key Words: Competition, Predation, Symbiosis, Mutualism, Commensalism, Parasitism, Host • Clownfish and anemone, each protects the other against predators. The fish is able to produce a special mucus that causes the anemone not to release its stings. In return for the anemone's protection, the fish brings scraps to it, and lures larger fish into the anemone's tentacles Mutualism This type of relationship is know as ______________________________ Clownfish Anemone Objective: Understand the Community Interactions in an Ecosystem Key Words: Scavenger, Parasite, Host, Omnivore, Saprophyte Raccoon Hyena Ticks Vulture Lice Fleas Objective: Understand the Community Interactions in an Ecosystem Key Words: Scavenger, Parasite, Host, Omnivore, Saprophyte PREDATORS HERBIVORES Carnivores that kill and consume their prey. Organisms that feed on plants and plants materials. Ex: owls, wolves Ex: cows, horses, sheep CARNIVORES Organisms that feed on other animals. Ex: wolves, lions, tigers SAPROPHYTES or DECOMPOSER FOOD NUTRIENTS Organisms that feed on dead an decaying organisms Ex: bacteria, fungi SCAVENGERS PARASITES OMNIVORES Carnivores that feed on dead animals that they find. Organisms that attack other live organisms but not kill them. Animals that feed on both plants and animals. Ex: buzzards, vultures, hyenas, raccoons Ex: human, bear, pig Ex: ticks, lice, fleas Ant-aphid mutualism: the aphids are protected against predators by the ants who cultivate the aphids for their secretions of honeydew, a food source