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Ecology Notes – Part 3: Interactions Biology Spring 2012 Interactions • Types of Interactions among organisms • Symbiosis (3 types) • Competition • Predator/Prey (Predation) Interactions – Symbiosis Symbiosis: the relationship between two organisms in which at least one benefits, but the other does not die Sym – = with / together -biosis = mode of life Ex: bird on hippos, fleas on dogs Symbiosis 3 Types of Symbiosis: Commensalism Mutualism Parasitism Symbiosis Commensalism: one organism benefits and the other is not harmed (+/0) Ex: Lichen on a tree branch Maggots decomposing a rotting carcass Symbiosis Mutualism: both organisms benefit from the relationship (+/+) Ex: Clown fish and sea anemone Insect pollination of flowers Symbiosis Parasitism: One organism benefits and the other is harmed, but not killed (+/-) Ex: mosquito and human Interactions – Competition • Competition: • When different species struggle over the same resource • Resources are limited by supply • Water, food, shelter Interactions – Competition • Revisiting the niche… • Niche: the role of an organism in its environment, “how it makes a living” • How it gets food • Habitat conditions for survival • Is it used for food? • All its biotic and abiotic resources Interactions – Competition • Niche Example Competition, cont. • Competition can happen in two ways: • Between two different species (interspecies) • Cheetahs & lions competing for antelopes. • Between members of the same species (intraspecies). • Mountain goat rams butting heads to “win” the females. Interactions – Competition • Competitive Exclusion Principle: • If two species compete for the same resource(s), one will win and one will lose • The “winner” gets the territory / resource(s) • The “loser” will either move to another location or get killed Why are they in different regions of the tree?? Interactions – Predator/Prey Interactions – Predator/Prey • Predation: where one organism kills another for its food • Organism getting the food is the predator • Organism that is the food is the prey • 1 lives & 1 dies Which is which? http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/960 0151/ns/technology_and_sciencescience/t/gator-guzzling-pythoncomes-messy-end/ To succeed... • Both predators and prey adapt to better survive • Predators get better at catching prey • Prey get better at avoiding being caught. What do they need? • Think of a predator/prey relationship • Generate a list of characteristics that are helpful for each to survive… • Predators: • Prey: Predator adaptations • Speed & agility or power & strength • Acute senses • “Weaponry:” claws, fangs, poison • Camouflage Prey Adaptations • Avoid: • Speed, senses, hide, mimic Prey Adaptations • Warn: • Coloring, smell, cry Prey Adaptations • Defend: • Shell, needle, fight back, taste, smell... Interactions – Overview Write a general description of what happens to each organism in the following types of interactions among organisms: • Symbiosis: • Describe each of the 3 types of symbiosis • Competition: • Predator/Prey (Predation): Interactions – Overview Types of Interaction Symbiosis 1. 2. 3. Competition Predator / Prey One organism The other organism… Doesn’t die Interactions Predator-Prey Simulation “Queen of Trees”