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Ecology
1
True or False
1. When we eat, 50 % of food energy is
transferred from our food to our body.
2. Scavengers decompose dead organisms.
3. Biotic factors are living things.
4. The biomass of producers is less than
that of consumers.
5. A community is a larger unit than a
population.
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Trophic Level
- the way in which energy flows through an
ecosystem
___________ = make their own food
___________ = eat other organisms for food
___________ = break down dead organisms
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Energy Pyramid
_________ = shows the
energy at each level
3˚ consumers (carnivores)
2˚ consumers (carnivores)
1˚ consumers (herbivores)
Producers (plants)
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10% Rule
- energy is lost through
each level
- only _____ of energy is
passed from one level to
another
 During every transfer of
energy within an
ecosystem, ~ 90 % of
energy is lost as _____.
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Food chain vs. food web
___________ = show
how energy flows in one
pathway
Ex: corn --> chicken -->
coyote --> lion


_____ _____ =
connected food
chains
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Structure of ecosystem
- Ecosystems have many components:
1) _________
- place where an organism lives
2) ______
- the role an organism plays in an ecosystem
3) _________ – living parts of an ecosystem
(ex: organisms)
4) __________ – nonliving parts of an
ecosystem (ex: temperature, water)
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Symbiosis
- interaction between two or more species
1) _________ = one species is harmed;
one species benefits
Ex: ticks (parasite) living on animals (host)
2) _________ = both species benefit
Ex: bacteria living in cow’s stomach
3) _________ = one species benefits; one
species is not affected
Ex: smaller plants living on larger plants
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Type of Relationship (continued)
4) _____________= organisms trying to use resources
a) Intraspecific competition
- between organisms of the same species
- driving force of evolution (“survival of the fittest”)
b) Interspecific competition
- between organisms of different species
5) ____________ = one organism feeds on another
Prey = what is being hunted
Predator = what is hunting for food
as one organism (prey or predator) increases,
there is a direct relationship to the other.
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Biomes

Major ecological zones that the Earth’s
continents are divided into.
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Factors that create biomes
_________= overall patterns of weather
Temperature and rainfall

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Climate is affected by…
1) ____________
- vertical striations of the Earth
- temperature depends on
sunlight
i.e. near equator = high temp.
near poles = low temp.
2) ____________
- flow of air carrying diff. amount
of moisture
- hot air rises, cool air sinks
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Climate is affected by…
3) _____________
- water has high heat
capacity (heats and cools
more slowly than land
4) _____________
- climatically similar to
latitude
- high altitude = low temp.
- low altitude = high temp.
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Types of Biomes
1) Terrestrial Biomes (on land)
- Tundra ( The Ice Age)
- Taiga
- Temperate Forests (Bambi)
- Grasslands (The Lion King)
- Deserts (Aladdin)
- Tropical Rainforests (The Jungle Book)
2) Aquatic Biomes (in water)
- Freshwater (lake, river, pond) – (Swan Lake)
- Saltwater (ocean)- (Finding Nemo, The Little
Mermaid)
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Primary vs. Secondary Succession
_________ succession
-occurs previously uninhabited areas with
no soil.
-much slower than secondary succession.

_________ succession
-occurs where there is developed soil on
the ground
-much faster than primary succession.

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Succession:
The predictable series of species replacements over time.
1) ________ Succession
- occurs where life has not
existed before
ex: on a fresh lava flow
- begins w/ pioneer
organisms (first)
ex: lichens on rocks
- ends w/ climax
community (last)
ex: evergreen trees
lichens  grasses  shrubs
 trees
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Succession (continued)
2) ________ Succession
- occurs after an
ecosystem has
suffered from a
natural disaster such
as fire
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Succession (continued)
Primary succession following
the retreat of a glacier.
Secondary succession
of a corn field
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Cycles in Nature
Matter is neither created nor destroyed. It
is constantly recycled in nature
 water, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus

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Nitrogen Cycle
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Population
Biology
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Linear vs. Exponential



_____________
a steady increase
shown as a straight
line
Growth
not how populations
grow



______________
as a population gets
larger, it also grows
larger; shown as a
curve line
how populations grow
include five stages
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Factors limiting a population
_______________
- having to do with
population density
(# of individual in the
population)
Ex: _______, ________,
________, ________,
______, ________
1)
2) _______________
- affect all population
regardless of
population density
Ex: abiotic factors such
as _________,
______ ______,
______ ________
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How are predator and prey populations
inter-dependent?
Prey population ________, predator
population ________.
 Predator population ________, prey
pop.__________.

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Carrying Capacity

The # of organisms of
one species that an
environment can
support.
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Population Growth Rate
Population growth rate
 = ________ – ________
or doubling rate calculation

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Demography

The study of human population growth
characteristics such as growth rate, age structure
and geographical distribution.
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