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Ecosystems Composition of an Ecosystem An ecosystem (short for ecological system) is an ecological community together with its environment, functioning as a unit. Climate Soils Vegetation Wildlife People All ecosystems are "open" systems in the sense that energy and matter are transferred in and out. Composition of an Ecosystem A combination of biotic, abiotic, and cultural factors lead to many different types of ecosystems. Grassland Rainforest Desert Coniferous Forest Deciduous Forest Composition of an Ecosystem Biotic Factors (living) Abiotic Factors (non-living) Plants Animals Microorganisms Air Water Rocks Energy Cultural Factors People Composition of an Ecosystem Lined up in a spectrum, a tropical rainforest is at one end and a desert is at the other end Rainforest = high temperature + high precipitation Deciduous Forest = warm temperature + high precip. Coniferous Forest = cool temperature + high precip. Grasslands = warm temperature + moderate precip. Desert = any temperature + low precip. Composition of an Ecosystem Climate has the greatest influence on ecosystems Polar Mid-Latitude Sub-Tropical Tropical Composition of an Ecosystem The tundra is a biome of short vegetation growing in climatically stressed environments of the Arctic and Antarctic and on mountaintops. The boreal coniferous forest (or taiga) is extensive in northern regions of Canada, Alaska, and Eurasia. The temperate deciduous forest contains various species of angiosperm trees, which drop their leaves in the autumn, plus some species of coniferous trees. This forest type is widespread south of the boreal forest. Temperate grasslands are widespread in the dry interior of North America and other continents, and are dominated by species of grasses and other herbaceous plants. Desert is a very sparsely vegetated biome of extremely dry environments. tropical forests occur in warm regions where rainfall is abundant throughout the year. This was the only photograph that wasn’t taken in Canada! There are also several types of localized ecosystems that may not appear to fit with their surrounding dominant ecosystem. Wetlands Swamp Marsh Bog Fen Caves Mountains Mountains can have many different ecosystems from the base to the summit A swamp is a forested wetland. A marsh is a relatively fertile wetland dominated by taller herbaceous plants, such as bulrush and cattail. A bog or muskeg is a standing body of water with no underground spring. A form of moss grows and forms a thick mat of floating plants. These plants, over time, can fill in the pond or small lake with peat that will eventually be firm enough to support trees. In fens, groundwater comes from glaciers that have melted, sitting upon layers of soil that are not permeable; thus keeping the water from sinking beneath the surface. Survival of the Fittest Fragility and resiliency of ecosystems Survival of a species within an ecosystem genetic characteristics availability of habitat population size Our Local Ecosystem Climate Watershed Lake Huron, St. Clair River, Perch Creek, Cow Creek, Talfourd Creek, Bear Creek, Sydenham River, Hickory Creek, Ausable River Plants temperature precipitation Remnant Forests, crops, urban parks, yards, Oak Savannah Animals Deer, coyotes, raccoons, fox, opossum, amphibians, reptiles, birds, fish…. The Great Lakes Lake Huron The Southern Ontario Bioregion Toronto Sarnia Lake Erie Lake Ontario 1800 70% of Lambton county was covered by forest 30% by wetlands 1983 85% agriculture <1% wetland 12% forest 3% urban Lake Huron Lambton County St. Clair River Blue Point Sarnia Camlachie Canatara Beach The St. Clair Community Chemical Valley The Northern Half of the St. Clair River Corunna The Southern End of the St. Clair River The St. Clair River Delta Lake St. Clair Lake Huron Pinery Provincial Park Kettle Point Blue Point