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Ecology
Define Ecology
Define Ecology
• study of the interactions that take place
among organisms and their environment
Describe each of the following
terms:
• Biosphere
• Biotic
• Abiotic
Describe each of the following
terms:
• Biosphere - part of Earth that supports
life, including the top portion of Earth's
crust, the atmosphere, and all the water on
Earth's surface
• Biotic - living
• Abiotic – non-living
Describe each of the following
terms:
• Biome
Describe each of the following
terms:
• Biome - large geographic areas with similar climates
and ecosystems
• Includes:
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–
–
–
–
–
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TUNDRA
TAIGA
DESERT
TROPICAL RAINFOREST
TEMPERATE RAINFOREST
DECIDUOUS FOREST
DESERT
GRASSLAND
Describe each of the following
terms:
• Organism
• Population
• Community
Describe each of the following
terms:
• Organism – one of any living thing
• Population - all the organisms that belong
to the same species living in a community
• Community - all the populations of
different species that live in an ecosystem
Do you know these?
• Producer
• Consumer
• Decomposer
• Producer: makes its own food
• Consumer: gets energy by eating other
organisms
• Decomposer: breaks down waste and
dead organisms; puts raw materials back
into environment
Describe each of the following
terms:
• Types of consumers:
– Herbivore
– Carnivore
– Omnivore
– Scavenger
Describe each of the following
terms:
• Types of consumers:
– Herbivore: eats only plants (deer)
– Carnivore: eats only meat (lion)
– Omnivore: eats both plants & meat (people)
– Scavenger: eats only dead organisms
(vulture)
Describe each of the following
terms:
•
•
•
•
•
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Types of interactions among organisms:
Predation
Parasitism
Competition
Commensalism
Symbiosis
Describe each of the following
terms:
• 5 Types of interactions among organisms:
– 1) predation: one organism kills another for
food
– 2) competition: different organisms fighting for
same resource
– 3) parasitism: one organism benefits the other
is harmed but not always killed
– 4) commensalism: one organism benefits, the
other is unaffected
– 5) symbiosis (mutualism): both organisms
benefit
Levels of Organization
in an Ecosystem(small to large)
• Species: group of similar organisms that
can reproduce with each other
• Population: all the members of one
species
• Community: all the different populations
in one area
• Ecosystem: living & non-living organisms
in an area
• Biosphere: entire livable area of earth
Populations
• Lets talk about factors that influence
populations
What might control or change population
sizes?
Population Density
• The number of individuals of a species in
an area
Limiting factors
• Things in an environment that limit how
many organisms can grow in a certain
area.
– Examples: food, water, shelter, space,
temperature (climate)
Carrying Capacity
• The maximum population an area can
support
– If a population gets bigger than the carrying
capacity, organisms die off
– Carrying capacity is determined by limiting
factors
How do we determine
population sizes?
• Direct observation
• Indirect observations (evidence that an
organism ids there, but we can’t see it
directly)
• Sampling (estimates based on info.)
• Mark and capture (tagging)
How do populations change in
number?
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Death
Birth
Immigration( coming in)
Emigration (going out)
Describe each of the following
terms:
• Ecosystem
• Habitat
• Niche
Describe each of the following
terms:
• Ecosystem - all the living organisms that live in
an area and the nonliving features of their
environment
• Habitat - place where an organism lives
provides food, shelter and temperature
needed for survival
• Niche - refers to the unique ways an organism
survives, obtains food and shelter, and avoids
danger
Describe each of the following
terms:
• Adaptations of consumers:
– Carnivore - meat-eating animal with sharp
canine teeth specialized to rip and tear flesh
– Herbivore - plant-eating mammal with incisors
specialized to cut vegetation and large, flat
molars to grind it
– Omnivore - plant- and meat-eating animal
with incisors specialized to cut vegetables,
premolars to chew meat, and molars to grind
food
Describe each of the following
terms:
• Energy flow through an ecosystem
Describe each of the following
terms:
• Energy flow through an ecosystem - the
movement of energy through an
ecosystem through food webs. The
transfer of energy from one organism to
another.
Describe each of the following
terms:
• Food chain
• Food web
Describe each of the following
terms:
• Food chain - chain of organisms along
which energy , in the form of food passes.
An organism feeds on the link before it
and is in turn prey for the link after it.
• Food web - Complex network of many
interconnected food chains and feeding
relationships; a group of interconnecting
food chains
Review food chains here:
http://www.vtaide.com/png/foodch
ains.htm
Describe each of the following
terms:
• Energy pyramid
Describe each of the following
terms:
• Energy pyramid – a way of showing
energy flow. As the amount of available
energy decreases, the pyramid gets
smaller. Each layer on a pyramid is called
a trophic level.
Describe each of the following
terms:
Describe each of the following
terms:
•
•
•
•
Mutualism
Commensalism
Symbiosis
Parasitism
Describe each of the following
terms:
• Mutualism - a type of symbiotic relationship in
which both organisms benefit
• Commensalism - a type of symbiotic
relationship in which one organism benefits and
the other organism is not affected
• Symbiosis - any close relationship between
species, including mutualism, commensalism,
and parasitism
• Parasitism -a type of symbiotic relationship in
which one organism benefits and the other
organism is harmed
Describe each of the following
terms:
• Succession
• Primary succession
• Secondary succession
Describe each of the following
terms:
• Succession - natural, gradual changes in
the types of species that live in an area;
can be primary or secondary
• Primary succession – takes place where
no soil exists
• Secondary succession – takes place
where soil is already present
Describe each of the following
terms:
• Pioneer species
• Climax community
Describe each of the following
terms:
• Pioneer species - a group of hardy
organisms, such as lichens, found in the
primary stage of succession and that
begin an area's soil-building process
• Climax community - stable, end stage of
ecological succession in which the plants
and animals of a community use
resources efficiently and balance is
maintained by disturbances such as fire.