* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Ecology PowerPoint Lecture Notes
Survey
Document related concepts
Pleistocene Park wikipedia , lookup
Biogeography wikipedia , lookup
Ecological fitting wikipedia , lookup
Ecosystem services wikipedia , lookup
Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary wikipedia , lookup
Triclocarban wikipedia , lookup
Soundscape ecology wikipedia , lookup
Microbial metabolism wikipedia , lookup
Renewable resource wikipedia , lookup
Natural environment wikipedia , lookup
History of wildlife tracking technology wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
Principles of Ecology • Ecology - Scientific study of interactions between organisms and their environments. • Living organisms are connected to other organisms and non-living things. • Biosphere- The zone on Earth in which life is found. • Includes air, land, and both fresh water & salt water. An environment is all the living & nonliving factors that affect organisms. • Biotic factors are all the living organisms in an environment. • Abiotic factors are the nonliving parts of an environment. Levels of Organization of Living Things Biosphere example: the earth Ecosystem example: terrestrial forests desert Ecosystem example: fresh water ponds lakes Ecosystem example: salt water oceans Community example: deer, rabbits, birds Community example: frogs, dragonflies, minnows Community example: sharks, seals, jellyfish Population example: deer Population example: frogs Population example: sharks Organism example: a male deer Organism example: a female grassfrog Organism example: a male tiger shark • A group of organisms of one species that interbreed and live in the same place at the same time. • Ex. All of the catfish in Saguaro Lake. • Members of the same population compete for food, water, mates, & other resources (sunlight, shelter, etc.) • All populations depend on other populations either directly or indirectly. • Community - A group of interacting populations. • Ex. All of the deer, rabbits & squirrels in the Tonto National Forest. Ecosystem - Interactions between populations and the abiotic factors in their environment. Examples: Tree, birds, water, and sunlight Fish, turtles, oxygen, and sunlight Niche - Role a species plays in its community. • Examples: – What does it eat? – How much does it eat? – What eats it? – Where does it live? – How does it use its environment? Habitat - The place an organism lives. Feeding Relationships • Autotrophs - Organisms that can make their own food. Also known as producers. – Ex: Green plants, some protists. Feeding Relationships • Heterotrophs - Organisms that depend on other organisms for food. Also known as consumers. – Ex: Lions, humans, insects, fungi. Five Types of Heterotrophs • Herbivores - Feed only on plants. (rabbits) • Carnivores - Feed only on animals. (lions) • Scavengers - Feed only on dead animals. (vultures) • Omnivores - Feed on both plants and animals. (bears) • Decomposers - Break down dead plant & animal material & absorbs them. (fungi) Symbiosis - “Living together” • A close & permanent relationship between organisms of different species. Symbiosis • 1) Commensalism – One species benefits, the other is unaffected. – Ex. Remora and shark, barnacles and whales Symbiosis • 2) Mutualism – Both species benefit from a relationship. – Ex. Tick eating birds and hippos. Symbiosis • 3) Parasitism – One species benefits and the other is harmed but not killed by a relationship. Food chains show how matter & energy move through an ecosystem. Examples: #1: grass---> grasshopper---> frog--->bird #2: algae---> snail---> raccoon---> coyote Limitations of Trophic Levels: a. The low rate of energy transfer between trophic levels explains why ecosystems rarely contain more than a few trophic levels. b. Only about 10% of the energy available at 1 trophic level is transferred to the next trophic level. Each organism in a food chain represents a feeding step, or trophic level: Alligator Fourth Trophic Level Third-order consumer Turtle Third Trophic Level Second-order consumer Frog Third Trophic Level Second-order consumer Heron Third Trophic Level Second-order consumer Minnow Second Trophic Level First-order consumer Grasshopper Second Trophic Level First-order consumer Snail Second Trophic Level Pond Weed First Trophic Level Producer Sawgrass First Trophic Level Producer Algae First Trophic Level Producer Food web - A series of interconnected food chains that demonstrates all of the possible feeding relationships within a community. Answers to Review Questions: 1. Producers convert energy from the sun or from organic molecules. Consumers obtain energy by eating other organisms. 2. Herbivores, carnivores, omnivores, detritivores, and decomposers. 3. They decay, releasing nutrients in organisms, and returning the nutrients to the ecosystem. 4. Food chains show a single path of energy flow. Food webs show several paths of energy flow. 5. Many organisms avoid being eaten and the energy is partly lost, some of the molecules in a body are indigestible, and organisms use energy for their own life processes. Some are not eaten and wasted. Ecological Pyramids • 1) Pyramid of numbers - Shows the number of organisms available to the next trophic level • 2) Pyramid of energy - Shows that 10% of energy is available to next trophic level • 3) Pyramid of biomass - Shows the weight of living material at each trophic level Ecological Pyramids Biogeochemical cycles • Exchange of materials between biotic and abiotic parts of ecosystems. • 1) Water cycle • 2) Carbon cycle • 3) Nitrogen cycle • 4) Phosphorus cycle https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=al-do-HGuIk The Carbon Cycle https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mldBE9Ee3zY The Nitrogen Cycle https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DP24BceOwt8