Download can have similar niches

Chapter 4
Ecosystems and Communities
The Role of Climate
Section 4-1
The Role of Climate
• Weather vs Climate
The Role of Climate
• Weather is day to day conditions
• Climate refers to the average year to year
conditions of temperature and
precipitation
The Greenhouse Effect
The Greenhouse effect
• Works the same way on
earth
• Temperatures on earth
remain within a suitable
range for life because
the biosphere has a
natural insulating
blanket
• Without this effect the
earth would be about
10 degrees colder
Effect of Latitude on climate
The effect of latitude on climate
Effect of latitude on Climate
• As a result of the
differences on latitude
and this the angle of
heating. Earth has
three main climate
zones
– Polar
– Temperate
– tropical
Heat and the Biosphere
• Unequal
heating of the
earth’s
surface drives
winds and
ocean
currents,
which
transport heat
around the
globe
• Hadley cells
Why does it always rain at the equator?
What shapes an Ecosystem?
Section 4-2
What shapes an ecosystem?
• Abiotic Factors
– are non living
parts of the
environment
such as rocks,
the sun, and
temperature
What shapes an ecosystem?
• Biotic Factors
– The living parts of the
environment such as
plants, bacteria, and
animals
The Niche
• Niche- “job/occupation”
• -conditions in which it lives and the way it
uses those conditions
• ex: place in food web, temperature ranges
• -no 2 species share same niche in same
habitat
•
-can have similar niches
Community Interactions
• Competition
• Predation
• Symbiosis
– Mutualism
– Commensalism
– Parasitism
Community Interactions
• Competition- when
organisms of the same or
different species attempt
to use and ecological
resource in the same
place at the same time
– Competitive exclusion
principle…… no two species
can occupy the same niche
in the same habitat at the
same time
(know for test)
Community Interactions
• Predation – an
interaction in which
one organism
captures and feeds on
another organism
Symbiosis
• A close and permanent
association between organisms of
different species
– Commensalism – a relationship in
which one organism benefits and the
other is not affected
• Example: Barnacles on a whale
• Sea anemone and clown fish
• Viceroy and monarch butterflies
Community interactions
– Mutualism – a
relationship in which
both organisms benefit
from each other
• Example: Birds eating
pest off a rhino’s back
• Ants and treehopper
nymphs
• Bees and flowers
Community Interactions
– Parasitism – A
relationship in which
one organism benefits
and the other is
harmed
• Example: Ticks on a
dog
Ecological Succession
• A change in the community in which new
populations of organisms gradually replace
existing ones
• 1. Primary Succession – occurs in an area
where there is no existing communities and for
some reason (s) a new community of organisms
move into the area
Ecological Succession
• A change in the community in which new
populations of organisms gradually replace
existing ones
2. Secondary Succession – occurs in an area
where an existing community is partially
damaged
What type of Ecological Succession
Aquatic Ecosystems
Section 4-4
Ecology
• Biome
– Is a major type of ecosystem with its
own temperature ranges, rainfall
amounts, and types of organisms
Aquatic Biomes
• Marine (Salt Water)
– Location: Oceans & Estuaries
• Freshwater (No Salt)
– Location: lakes, rivers, ponds, wetlands
Marine Aquatic Biomes
Marine
• Photic zone
– about 200 meter
down
– Where sunlight
can reach
• Aphotic zone
– Permanently dark
– Chemosynthetic
autotrophs are
only producers
Marine Ecosystems
• In addition to the division between the photic and
aphotic zones, marine biologists also divide the ocean
zone based on depth and distance from shore:
intertidal zone
benthic zone
coastal zone
coral reefs
open ocean
Intertidal Zone
• Have suckers to hold on as tide comes in and
out
– Clams, barnacles, snails, sea urchins, sea stars and
starfish
Coastal Zone
• Coastal zones
– Extend from low tide
mark to outer edge of
continental crust
– Life:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Plankton
Seaweed
Huge kelp forests
Sea otters
Fish
whales
Open Ocean Zone
• Biggest section of marine biome
– Life:
•
•
•
•
Sharks
Whales
Squid
Octopus
Coral Reef and Benthic Zones
• Coral Reefs
– Warm, shallow waters
– Very diverse
• Benthic Zone
• Covers ocean floor
• Life:
– Scavengers
• Crabs, lobsters
Aquatic Biomes
• Estuary – shallow area
where salt water and
fresh water mix
• Salt marshes and
mangrove swamps
Fresh Water Aquatic Biomes
• Three main types
– Flowing water ecosystem
– Standing water ecosystem
– Freshwater wetlands
Flowing water ecosystem
• Examples
– Rivers
– Streams
– Creeks
• Life:
– Adapted to flow of
water
– Have hooks or suckers
to hold on or
streamlined bodies
• Near source water is
turbulent, plenty of
oxygen but little plant life
• As water flows downhill
sediment builds up and
plant life establishes
• Further downstream
turtles and beavers make
their home
Standing water Ecosystem
• Examples
– Lakes
– Ponds
• Life:
– Plankton
– Phytoplankton
– zooplankton
Aquatic Biomes
• Freshwater Wetland –
area where water
and soil mix
• Three sub- types
– Bogs
– Marshes
– swamps
Land Biomes
Section 4-3
Land Biomes
Tropical rain forest
Tropical dry forest
Savanna
Desert
Temperate forest
Temperate woodland and shrubland
Grasslands
Coniferous forest
Boreal forest
Tundra
Climographs