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Transcript
Biosphere. Origin and evolution. Ecological system: structure. Classification operation. Structure social ecosystem. . The biosphere is the biological component of earth systems atmosphere hydrosphere lithosphere other spheres component of earth systems matter energy global biogeochemical cycling carbon sulfur nitrogen phosphorus other elements ecosystem is called a set of organisms that live together, and their conditions of existence that are naturally in connection with one another, pooling a biotic environment and living organisms that live in it. Basic ecosystem must include the organisms of all tropic levels and have a vicious cycle of basic elements. To be sure ecosystems are producers that provide storage of solar energy and the creation of organic matter, monument engaged in processing, and consumenty that dispose of waste producers and redutsenty. Characteristics of ecosystems species composition of living organisms, typical for the ecosystem ratio in the ecosystem of organisms with different types of power; To use characteristics of ecosystems: the intensity of energy flow through ecosystems and the speed of rotation of substances mode a biotic conditions and resources Bio-geocenosis - a set on a specific surface area of homogeneous natural phenomena microorganisms hydrological conditions atmosphere vegetation animals rocks soil A biotic A biotic factors in ecosystems act as a link that connects the different groups of organisms and to provide structural and functional integrity of ecosystems. A biotic components of ecosystems a biotic factors determining the existence of groups of organisms in a particular environment According to its value a biotic factors in ecosystems are divided into two groups: 1. Resources, factors that are used by living organisms and are shared between them. This, for example, water, nutrients, etc.. 2.Conditions of existence, indivisible a biotic factors that are not spent in the process of life and to have the same impact on all living organisms in this ecosystem. A biotic factors are divided into three groups: a) climatic factors - temperature, illumination mode, the air and some others b) soil and water factors include the resources and conditions associated with the soil: this type of soil, its physical and chemical characteristics of soil solution composition, etc. c) factors that operate in water depth and relevance to aquatic ecosystems. d) tropical zone is defined by an average temperature of the coldest month is lower than 15 ° - 20 ecosystems Climatic zone The temperature here never fall below 0 °. Vegetation plants continues throughout the year subtropical zone - lies to the north and south of the tropical zone. The temperature of the coldest month is higher than the temperature plus 4 ° C. Reducing the temperature below 0 ° are rarely observed temperate zone - is under north and south subtropical. It is well expressed within the seasonal changes, the pip. Duration of vegetation period of plants at least 2 - 3 months. In winter snow falls, for the fall and spring characteristic frizzing cold zone - adjacent to the North and South poles. The vegetation period lasts only 1,5-2 months Solar radiation light for plants is the energy source for photosynthesis, causing a change form and growth is a signal to transition from one phase of development to another. For most species light, at least the minimum, provides for the developed organs of orientation in space. This same role and perform light to humans. In humans and some animals only under the influence of light is the synthesis of vitamin D. WATER In all organisms cells are highly Water present to 80 - 98 ° / o. This water is essential for life. Overland water present source for living organisms are Air and ground waters. Additional inflows of moisture, dew, including underground fogs and dew (at night appearance of water droplets in the upper layer of soil). THE PLANT DIVED 3 GROUPS Plants are divided into three main groups: Hydrophytes Mezofites Xerophytes hydrophytes - growing in water bodies and areas with high humidity. Mezofit - for residents with an average humidity. Xerophytes -suited to the steppe and desert ecosystems, where the humidity conditions are poor. Gas composition of air carbon dioxide oxygen C3 C4 photosynthesis In C4 plants such sinks two: to add more zoobiophosfat phosphorus phenol acid Living organisms. Biocenosis A set of all living organisms is called biocenosis of ecosystems. Biocenosis (group) called the group of organisms of different species that coexist on the same site area and interact through trophic and spatial relationships. Among the structures bio enosis usually produce three to types: a) species, which shows the Species of living organisms; b) strophic demonstrating the nature of the relationship between food organisms bio enosis; c) spatial, showing the physical location of plants, animals and microorganisms. • composition biocenosis composition biocenosis biocenosis composition conforms to one general rule: the natural biocenosis must be producers, consuments and redutsenty. . Periphyton Biocenosis divided into: a) phytocenoses that established plants; b) zoocenozy that represent a combination of all animal ecosystems; a) microbiccenozy, which are formed by microorganisms that inhabit the underground part of the ecosystem. Form ties biocenoses 1. Topical relations arising due to the fact that one organism modifies the environment in the direction favorable for other organisms. For example, sfahnovi moss pidkyslyuyut soil solution and create favorable conditions for the settlement of these wetlands sundew, cranberry and other plants typical of wetlands Ukrainian Polesie. 2. Trophic relationships are that the specimens of one species using another type of products his life or dead remains a source of food. For example, only on the basis of trophic links storks belong to the water marsh tsenoziv and elk inhabit mainly aspen forests. 3. Name ties - ties, in which the specimens of one species using another type of individuals or their body parts needed to build their nests or shelters. Such, for example, the relationship of forest birds in the forest biocenosis providing them hollows or branches to build nests. 4. Foruc relationships - relationships that provide individuals carrying one type of species other species. Settlement and germination of many plants with juicy fruits on the presence of animals that ensure the transfer of their seeds. CONTENTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS 1) of limited natural resources. Some scientists believe that solar energy is practically inexhaustible, but it does not take into account that the major obstacle to its use of a biosphere, anthropogenic changes in which more than permissible limit (for the rule - 1%) can cause serious and dire consequences: the artificial introduction of energy biosphere has reached a value close to the boundary; 2) reduction of natural resources - within the same socio-economic formations or production method and one type of technology - is the fact that natural resources are becoming increasingly less accessible and require increased costs of labour and energy for their extraction and transportation; 3) pyramid of energy - from one strophic level ecological pyramid is moving to other levels of less than 10% of energy, the law allows you to calculate the required land area for the provision of food, etc.; 4)same all of life - all the natural conditions environment necessary for life, play equal role; 5) development of the natural system by the environment - any natural system can evolve only use energy material a) totally non-waste production is impossible; b) any highly organized system of biotic use and chancing their living environment is a potential threat to the more highly organized systems; c) in the Biosphere of the Earth as a system developed not only by the resources of the planet, but also indirectly, through and under the influence of space systems; 6) system genetic many natural systems ecosystems specimens biotic communities in particular geological formation periodically system natural systems functioning composition combination of environmental factors 9) sucsesytivity slowdown - processes that occur in mature balanced systems usually show a tendency to slow down, here is unpromising attempts to "create" nature of economic activities without the withdrawal of its system with a balance or creating any other special conditions for business promotion. For example, domestication of new species of cultivated plants gives effect first, then Population explosion fades away, and if this species does not become a massive pest, its economic value decreases dramatically; 10) accelerated evolution - the speed of the forming run of geological time increases, and the average length of existence inside a big Unity (group) decreases, highly organized forms are less time than organization. The acceleration of evolution and provides a more rapid disappearance of species, their extinction, which occurs slower pace than forming as a result the number of species in the biosphere in the evolution of increase. Cross process - increase the rate of extermination of certain species - linked to anthropogenic impacts, and not with actions above the law; 11) ) evolution, which are in three aspects: a) how animals communicate with the outside world, living elements; b) the gradual formation of everything in nature, nothing eternal, everything has its history; c) complication of the organization - is the complication of a particular organism and ecosystems due to the growth and differentiation of functions that perform these functions; 12) environmental correlations - in the ecosystem, as in any natural holistic education, all its components are functionally responsible to one another, pulling one part of the system (the destruction of species) inevitably leads to exclusion of all closely related to that part of its other parts to a functional change in the law of the internal dynamic equilibrium. General patterns environmental factors : 1) of optimum; 2) the ambiguity of the factor for different functions of the body or group; 3) variability, variability and diversity of the relevant reactions to effect environmental factors in some animals species; 4) adaptation of species to each of the environmental factors are relatively independent means; 5) environmental incompatibility of certain types of spectra; 6) interaction factors; 7) rule limiting factors. Kommoner B. (1974) formulated four environmental laws: 1) is concerned with all; 2) it should get to go somewhere; 3) nature knows best; 4) nothing is given for free. Oles Berdnikov "basic principles of a new vision of the world" 1) community - all around; 2) protein - eternal escape stress, that modern scholars identify as the principle non basic; 3) eternal metamorphosis; 4) analogy, identity; 5) correlations instantaneous interaction in the universe; 6) saturation - the completeness or loss; 7) appointment - all in the life of "appointed" for something, as in any organism, a significant number of accidents and misunderstandings caused by the violation of this principle.