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Ecology of Populations Day #1:Introduction to Ecology What is the common theme for ecology? Modern Biology Pages 359-360 • “Interconnectedness” – Nothing exists by itself. – Interdependence. – All living organisms interact with; • Other organisms • Physical factors Key Words: Interdependence Niche Discussion What are the levels of organization found in the environment? Modern Biology Pages 361-362 • Biosphere is broadest of all. – All areas that support life. Key Words: Biosphere What are the levels of organization found in the environment? Modern Biology Pages 361-362 • Biomes are large areas of the Earth. – Common abiotic conditions in the area. Key Words: Biomes What are the levels of organization found in the environment? Ecosystems – All organisms and non-living environment in a given area. – Can be any size. Key Words: Ecosystems Modern Biology Pages 361-362 What are the levels of organization found in the environment? • Communities – All interacting organisms in an area. – Includes all species Key Words: Communities Modern Biology Pages 361-362 What are the levels of organization found in the environment? • Populations – All members of a species living in one area. Key Words: Population Modern Biology Pages 361-362 What are the levels of organization found in the environment? • Organism – Simplest level of organization in ecology. Key Words: Population Modern Biology Pages 361-362 Ecology of Populations Day #2:Ecology of Organisms How do organisms interact with their environment? Modern Biology Pages 363-365 • Environmental factors; – Abiotic – Biotic • Interactions – Abiotic - abiotic – Abiotic - biotic – Biotic - biotic Key Words: Abiotic Biotic How do organisms interact with their environment? Modern Biology Pages 363-365 • Abiotic factors always change, • Organisms must tolerate abiotic changes. • All organisms have a range of tolerance. Key Words: Tolerance Curve How do organisms interact with their environment? • Tolerance curves shows how well a species tolerates abiotic changes. Modern Biology Pages 363-365 How do organisms interact with their environment? Modern Biology Pages 363-365 • Acclimation – Not adaptation – How organisms react to changing abiotic conditions. – Ex: You and altitude Key Words: acclimation How do organisms interact with their environment? Modern Biology Pages 363-365 • Conformers – Change with the environment. – Ex: Reptiles and body temperature. • Regulators – Maintain steady internal conditions. – Ex: Mammals Key Words: Conformer Regulators How do organisms interact with their environment? Modern Biology Pages 363-365 • Escaping unfavorable conditions. – Migration – Hibernation – Dormancy Key Words: Dormancy Migration Ecology of Populations Day #3: Energy Transfer in Ecosystems Producers Are Essential To An Ecosystem Modern Biology Pages 366 • Energy flows through ecosystems. • Producers use energy to produce organic molecules. • Autotrophs – Use energy to produce carbohydrates. – Most use photosynthesis. – A few use chemosynthesis. Key Words: Producers Chemosynthesis Organic molecules What is Productivity? Modern Biology Pages 366 • Gross Primary productivity: – The rate at which producers capture energy. – Equal to all of the carbohydrates produced using photosynthesis. – Referred to as biomass. Key Words: biomass Gross Primary Productivity How is Productivity Measured? Modern Biology Pages 366 • Net Primary Productivity. – Measured as g/m2/year. – All organic material in an ecosystem is referred to as biomass (dry organic mass). – All stored energy in the ecosystem. – Rate at which biomass accumulates is NPP. Key Words: Net Primary Productivity Dry Organic Mass Consumers Modern Biology Pages 370 • Consumers are heterotrophs. – Obtain energy by consuming organic molecules. • • • • • Herbivores Carnivore Omnivore Detritivore Decomposers Key Words: Detritus Decomposers Energy Flow Modern Biology Pages 368-369 • Energy is transferred from organism to organism. • Trophic level is the feeding position in community. • Trophic levels: – 1st level = producers – 2nd level = herbivores – 3rd level = carnivore – 4th level = second carnivore Key Words: Trophic Level How is Energy Lost in Ecosystems? Modern Biology Pages 368-369 Food Chains • A single pathway of energy through the ecosystem. • 5% of sun’s energy is preserved in the producers. • Approximately 10% of energy is preserved in each transfer. Modern Biology Pages 368-369 Food Webs • Several food chains interlinked. • Better shows energy flow in an ecosystem. Modern Biology Pages 368-369 Why Do We Find Just a Few Hawks In An Ecosystem? Modern Biology Pages 368-369 What is a specie’s niche? Modern Biology Pages 365 • The niche – The way of life. – The role in the environment – Includes all interactions in ecosystem. – Generalist Vs specialist What factors might be included in the artic wolf’s niche? Key Words: generalists specialists Ecology of Organisms • Modern Biology • Pages 371-372 • Niche Differences – A species niche can change over time. – Generalists have very broad niches – Specialists have very specific niches. Why is it an advantage for the adult to feed on a different food source than the larva? Ecology of Populations Day #4:Measuring Populations Properties of Populations Modern Biology Pages 381-384 • Population size – Determined by: • actual count • sampling How many populations are shown here? Properties of Populations Modern Biology Pages 366-369 • Population Density – Expressed as: – # of Individuals/area. Key Words: Population density Population dispersion How would low density effect the condor population? Properties of Populations Modern Biology Pages 366-369 • Population dispersion – Clumped – Uniform – Random • Depends viewing scale in many cases. Could redwood trees demonstrate all three dispersions in different conditions? Population Dynamics Modern Biology Pages 383-389 • Dynamics means changing over time. • Change is due to: – – – – Birth rate. Death (mortality) rate. Immigration Emmigration What industry (business) pays close attention to this type of data? Population Dynamics Modern Biology Pages 383-389 • Survivorship curves – Type I – Type II – Type III Is survivorship type related to number of offspring produced? Population Dynamics Modern Biology Pages 383-389 • Age structure What information can you get from this chart? Population Growth Modern Biology Pages 383-389 • Population growth rate is size change over time. – Growth can be negative or positive. • Depends on any of four factors – Birth rate – death rate – Emmigration & immigation What two events might have led to the rapid increase in human populations? Exponential Growth Curve Modern Biology Pages 383-389 • Populations grow more rapidly as they increase in size. • “J” curve. • Demonstrates species biotic potential. • Unlimited resources. • Only occurs in rare cases. Can this growth curve occur for long periods of time? Why Logistic Growth Curve Modern Biology Pages 383-389 • Same as exponential for short time. • Growth slows and finally levels out. • Known as “S” curve. • Carrying capacity has been reached. What resource most likely causes this curve to flatten out? Comparison of Expoential and Logistic Growth Curves Ecology of Populations Day #5:Measuring Populations Factors that Limit Population Growth Modern Biology Pages 383-389 • Causes growth to be something less than biotic potential. • Referred to as limiting factors – Density dependent • Limits on resources. • Disease – Density independent • Weather • Fire Why so many rabbits in Australia? Factors that Limit Population Growth Modern Biology Pages 383-389 Dangers of Small Populations Modern Biology Pages 383-389 • Leads to: – – – – Lack of genetic variation. Inbreeding. Lower birth rates. Susceptible to extinction. Do zoos solve the problems of small populations? How is a fundamental niche different from a realized niche? Modern Biology Pages 363-365 • Fundamental niche – Full range of interactions in ecosystem. – All potential resources – Theoretical niche as if no other organisms present Why is the realized niche shown above smaller than the fundamental niche? Key Words: Fundamental niche Realized niche Ecology of Organisms • Modern Biology • Pages 371-372 • Realized niche – All resources actually used. – Competition with other organisms limits fundamental niche. – Something less than the fundamental niche. Which species out competes the other species regarding niche? Why is there not a mixture of the two species in the overlap area? What strategies help the finches to survive?