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Transcript
Ecology: Communities
Organizational Hierarchy of Life
Most
Complex biosphere
ecosystem
community
population
organism
organ system
organ
Living
tissue
cell
organelle
macromolecule
Non-living
molecule
Least
atom
Complex sub-atomic particles
Term
Population
Community
Ecosystem
Biosphere
Definition
Individuals of one species that
occupy a given environment
All populations in a common
environment
Organisms in community plus
nonliving factors
Zones of air, land and water at
earth’s surface occupied by living
things
Interactions in Communities
-Competition
-Predation
-Symbiosis
Competition Relates to Niche Overlap
Degree of competition is proportional to
the overlap in ecological niches of
competing species
Ecological niche = total way of life of all
members of a species
--Habitat
--Physiological needs such as
temperature, moisture, nutrients
--Behavior
--Interactions with other species
Outcomes of Competition
Competitive Exclusion = One species eliminates the other
Grown in
Separate
Flasks
Grown in
the Same
Flask
Outcomes of Competition
Resource Partitioning: Use of small differences in
environment to fulfill needs
Outcomes of Competition
Character Displacement: Through natural
selection, two species diverge in
characteristics that overlap
Theoretical vs. Actual Niche
Theoretical
Niche
Defined by
Physiological Limits:
needs for food,
water, temperature
Actual Niche Portion of
Theoretical Niche
that is used, limited
by competition
Barnacle B,
theoretical and
actual niche
Barnacle C,
Actual niche
Barnacle C, theoretical niche
Competition Between Two Species of
Barnacles for Region Near the Ocean Surface
Applying Your Knowledge
1. Character Displacement
2. Competitive Exclusion
3. Resource Partitioning
A. Which one involves the use of different
features of the environment so that two
species can coexist in the same area?
B. Which one involves physical changes in
two separate species?
C. Which one involves the elimination of one
of the competing species?
Effects of Predation
Predation = eating of live organisms
• Eliminates old and weak individuals
• Regulates numbers of both predators
and prey
• Coevolution of predator and prey
• Regulates diversity of populations in
community
The sea star Pisaster
is a keystone species in
aquatic communities in
the Pacific Northwest.
Population Cycles in Predators and Prey
Coevolution of Predator and Prey
Camouflage hides prey
Symbiosis
Close Interaction Between Species
Parasitism One helped , other harmed
Symbiosis Mutualism
Both helped
Symbiosis
Commensalism One helped, other neither
helped nor harmed
Applying Your Knowledge
1. Mutualism
2. Commensalism
3. Parasitism
Which type of symbiosis is operative if
• A barnacle attaches to a whale so it can
feed on organisms encountered as the
whale swims but the whale is unaffected
by the barnacle?
• Athlete’s foot fungus starts growing
between your toes?
Will the Monarch Butterfly
be affected by the development
of herbicide resistant crops?