Download ECOLOGY

ECOLOGY
Honors: Ch 2 and 4
Magnet- Ch 46-49
Terms to know:
• Ecology-study of interaction between
organisms and their environment
• Biosphere
• Biotic vs. abiotic factors
• Population
• Community
• Ecosystem (includes abiotic factors)
• Biome
Ch 36-Ecological levels of organization
Section 3-1
Go to
Section:
Ecosystem Interactions
• Habitat vs. Niche
• What’s the difference?
Community Interactions
• Competition
• Predation
• Symbiotic relationships
– Mutualism-ex-Lichens
– Commensalism-ex-lichens and a tree
– Parasitism-ex-mosquitos and us!
Flow of energy in ecosystem
• Words to know: autotrophs, heterotrophs,
herbivore, carnivore, omnivore, detrivore
• Energy flow: food chains, food webs
• Ecological pyramids (Only 10 % of
available energy moves up the pyramid).
See p. 44
Section 3-2
Ecological Pyramids
Energy Pyramid
Shows the relative amount
of
energy available at each
trophic
level. Organisms use
about 10
percent of this
energy for
life processes.
The rest is lost
as heat.
Biomass Pyramid
Represents the amount of
living organic matter at each
trophic level. Typically, the
greatest biomass is at the
base of the pyramid.
Go to
Section:
Pyramid of Numbers
Shows the relative
number of individual
organisms at each
trophic level.
Global cycles
• Water -evaporation, transpiration,
precipitation
• Carbon -photosynthesis and respiration
• Nitrogen -relies on bacteria
• Phosphorus -weathering of rock
The Water Cycle
Section 3-3
Water cycle
Condensation
Precipitation
Evaporation
Transpiration
Runoff
Seepage
Root
Uptake
Go to
Section:
Carbon Cycle
• Depends on two main processesPhotosynthesis and Respiration
• Remember the equations for
both!
Figure 3-13 The Carbon Cycle
Section 3-3
Carbon Cycle
CO2 in
Atmosphere
CO2 in Ocean
Go to
Section:
Nitrogen cycle
• Most nitrogen is in the atmosphere
• Plants can only use nitrogen in the form of
ammonium or nitrate
• Bacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen to
ammonium or nitrates, which is absorbed
by plants
• There are other bacteria that can convert
these molecules back to atmospheric
nitrogen
Figure 3-14 The Nitrogen Cycle
Section 3-3
Nitrogen Cycle
N2 in Atmosphere
NH3
Go to
Section:
NO3and NO2-
Phosphorus Cycle
• Depends heavily on the weathering of rock
• Plants absorb dissolved phosphate ions
from the soil
• Also, decomposers can return phosphates
back to soil
• Because weathering is a slow process,
phosphorus is often a limiting nutrient to
plant growth
Ch 3-Communities and Biomes
• Community- group of interacting
organisms that occupy the same area at
the same time
• Limiting factor- any abiotic or biotic factor
that restricts the numbers, reproduction or
distribution of organisms (ex-sunlight,
water, temp, nutrients, space, etc). All
organisms have a range of tolerance
Two types of Succession
1. Primary Succession:
a. Creates new colonies of organisms in new areas where
no soil exists
(EX: islands formed by volcanoes)
b. takes a long time b/c soil(break down of rocks)
c. Pioneer species – 1st organisms to move into an area
d. Community continues to grow until limiting factors,
environ. change , or natural disasters
e. Climax community - stable,
mature; not much change
occurring
2. Secondary succession
a. Changes that occur to a community
after a natural disaster or environmental
destruction
b. "Old" species die and new species
may move in
c. This one doesn’t take as long as primary
because the soil is already established.
Biomes
Each set of Biomes is defined
by a unique set of abiotic
factors-particularly climateand has a characteristic
ecological community.
Figure 4-17 The World’s Major Land
Biomes
Section 4-3
Go to
Section:
Biomes of the Earth
Tropical rain forest
Temperate grassland
Temperate forest
Tundra
Tropical dry forest
Desert
Mountains and
ice caps
Tropical savanna
Temperate woodland
and shrubland
Northwestern
coniferous forest
Boreal forest
(Taiga)
Ten Major Biomes
Compare/Contrast
Table
Biome
Precipitati Temper Soil
Diversity Trees
on4-3
ature
Section
Tropical
high
hot
poor
high
dense
Rain
Forest
Tropical
Dry Forest
Tropical
Savanna
Desert
Temperate
Grassland
Shrubland
(chaparral)
Go to
Section:
Grasses
variable
mild
rich
Sparse
** tropical RF are
the most diverse
of all biomes
moderate medium medium
variable
mild
clay
moderate sparse
dense
low
variable poor
moderate summer rich
hot
summer summer poor
low,
hot
winter
moderate
moderate sparse
moderate absent
sparse
dense
low
medium
absent
Temperate mode summer
rich
deciduous rate
moderate,
Forest
winter
cold
**biome
classificati
ons
usually
don’t
include
icecaps
dense
sparse
sparse
high
summer
mild,
winter
cold
rocky,
acidic
low
dense
low
Summer
mild,
winter
cold
poor
low
absent Medium
**know-permafrost
Coniferous
Forest
(Boreal)inc
ludes taiga
Tundra
high
Figure 4-17 Zones of a Marine
Ecosystem
Section 4-4
Marine Ecosystems
land
Coastal
ocean
Open
ocean
200m
1000m
Photic zone
4000m
Aphotic zone
6000m
Ocean
trench 10,000m
Continental
shelf
Go to
Section:
Continental slope and
continental rise
Abyssal
plain
• Aquatic ecosystems:
– Freshwater:
a-flowing, b-standing c-wetlands
-Estuaries- where fresh water merges with salt
water. Very diverse
-Marine: Intertidal; Pelagic (photic and
aphotic); benthic (area along ocean floor) Page
80-81. The abyssal zone is the deepest region
of the ocean (deepest point is over 7 miles
deep). Why is the sea salty? Go to
http://www.myuniversalfacts.com/2006/05/why-is-sea-salty.html
Causes of Ecological Problems
• Acid Precipitation
– Results from the presence of sulfur oxides and
nitrogen oxides in the air
– Come from the burning of fossil fuels
• Greenhouse Effect
– Due to a rise in atmospheric carbon dioxide and
methane
– Carbon dioxide released from the combustion of fossil
fuel
More causes
• Ozone depletion
– Due to CFC’s used as refrigerants and propellants
– CFC’s turn ozone into oxygen gas
• Biological magnification
– Because of pyramid of numbers, small concentrations
of toxins in an environment become concentrated to
dangerous levels in higher trophic organisms
• Habitat destruction
Population Dynamics
• Population density: number of organisms
per unit area
• Dispersion- may be uniform, clumped or
random. Depends on available resources.
Section Outline
Section 5-2
•
Limits to Growth
A. Population Limiting Factors
1. Density-Dependent Factors
a.
b.
c.
d.
Competition
Predation
Parasitism and Disease
Essentially anything “biotic”
2.Density-Independent Factors:
a. abiotic- weather and climate,
natural disasters (bottlenecks),
human activities (CFC’s,
Burning fossil fuels, etc).
Go to
Section:
Concept Map
Section 5-1
Population ecology
Population
Growth
can be
Logistic
growth
Exponential
growth
characterized by
No limits on
growth
Unlimited
resources
represented by
Constant
growth rate
J-shaped
curve
characterized by
Limits on
growth
which cause a
Falling
growth rate
Go to
Section:
represented by
S-shaped
curve
Figure 5-4 Logistic Growth of Yeast
Population
Section 5-1
Carrying capacity
Time (hours)
Go to
Section:
Human Population Growth & historical
events
Industrial
Revolution
begins
Agriculture
begins
Plowing
and
irrigation
Bubonic
plague
Group discussion
• What are some specific factors that have
resulted in the growth of the human
population?
• What is biodiversity?
• How have humans threatened
biodiversity? Give some specific
examples
• **Make sure you know the difference in
renewable vs nonreneweable resources