Download Section 4-1

Interest Grabber
Section 4-1
Local Conditions
How would you describe your climate, or the average, year-after-year
conditions of temperature and precipitation where you live? Does your
area receive a great deal of precipitation—rain and snow—or is your area
very dry?
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Section:
Interest Grabber continued
Section 4-1
1. When does the area in which you live experience the lowest
temperatures? Does the temperature ever get below freezing? If so,
how often does this occur?
2. When does the area in which you live have the highest temperatures?
About how high is the highest temperature?
3. How often does it rain where you live? Is one season rainier than the
others?
4. Does it ever snow where you live? If so, what is the heaviest snowfall
you can remember?
5. What are two factors that may affect climate?
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Section:
4-1 THE ROLE OF CLIMATE
Weather – the day to day condition of Earth’s
atmosphere at a particular time and place
Climate – the average year-after-year conditions of
temperature and precipitation in a particular region
Greenhouse Effect – the natural situation in which heat
is retained by a layer of gases
Go to
Section:
The Greenhouse Effect
Section 4-1
Sunlight
Some heat
escapes
into space
Greenhouse
gases trap
some heat
Atmosphere
Earth’s surface
Go to
Section:
Figures 4-1 and 4-2 Heating of the Earth’s Surface
and Some Factors That Affect Climate
Section 4-1
Greenhouse Effect
Different Latitudes
90°N North Pole
Sunlight
Sunlight
Some heat
escapes
into space
Greenhouse
gases trap
some heat
Arctic circle
Sunlight
Most direct sunlight
66.5°N
Tropic of Cancer
Equator
0°
Tropic of Capricorn 23.5°S
Sunlight
Atmosphere
Arctic circle
Earth’s surface
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Section:
23.5°N
Sunlight
66.5°S
90°S South Pole
Interest Grabber
Section 4-2
Fitting In
Organisms not only live together in ecological communities, but they also
constantly interact with one another. These interactions, which include
predation and competition, help shape the ecosystem in which they live.
1. Based on your own experiences, define predation. Give one example
of predation.
2. Based on your own experiences, define competition. Give one example
of competition.
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Section:
4-2 WHAT SHAPES AN ECOSYSTEM?
Abiotic factors – the nonliving components of
our environment. Some examples include air,
temperature, soil, and water.
Biotic factors – the living components of our
environment. Some examples include animals,
plants, fungi and bacteria.
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Section:
Abiotic and Biotic Factors
Section 4-2
Abiotic Factors
Biotic Factors
ECOSYSTEM
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Section:
THE NICHE
A niche is the full range of physical and biological conditions in
which an organism lives and the way in which the organism uses
those conditions.
Examples:
• organism’s place in the food web
• temperature range that the organism needs in order to survive
• type of food the organism eats
• how the organism obtains food
• when and how it reproduces
• surrounding physical conditions (ex. Water)
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Section:
Figure 4-5 Three Species of Warblers and
Their Niches
Section 4-2
Cape May Warbler
Feeds at the tips of branches
near the top of the tree
Bay-Breasted Warbler
Feeds in the middle
part of the tree
Spruce tree
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Section:
Yellow-Rumped Warbler
Feeds in the lower part of the tree and
at the bases of the middle branches
Community Interactions
Community Interactions, such as competition, predation, and various forms
of symbiosis, can powerfully affect an ecosystem.
Competition – organisms of the same or different species attempt to use
a resource in the same place at the same time
Symbiosis – two species live closely together
Predation – one organism captures and feeds on another organism
Mutualism – both species benefit from the relationship
Commensalism – one member of the relationship benefits and the other
is neither helped nor harmed
Parasitism – one organism live on or inside another organism and harms it
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Section:
Interest Grabber
Section 4-3
Who’s There?
If you have ever been to a zoo or a botanical garden, you may have
noticed that the signs that identify the animals or plants also identify the
part of the world where these organisms are found. Different kinds of
animals and plants are found in different parts of the world.
Go to
Section:
Compare/Contrast Table
Section 4-3
Ten Major Biomes
Biome
Precipitation
Temperature
Soil
Diversity
Trees
Grasses
Tropical Rain Forest
high
hot
poor
high
dense
sparse
Tropical Dry Forest
variable
mild
rich
moderate
medium
medium
Tropical Savanna
variable
Desert
low
Temperate Grassland moderate
mild
variable
summer hot
clay
poor
rich
moderate
moderate
moderate
sparse
sparse
absent
dense
sparse
dense
Temperate woodland
and Shrubland
summer low,
winter moderate
summer hot
poor
low
medium
medium
Temperate Forest
moderate
summer moderate, rich
winter cold
high
dense
sparse
Northwestern
Coniferous Forest
Boreal Forest
high
rocky, acidic
low
dense
sparse
poor, acidic
moderate
dense
sparse
Tundra
low
summer mild,
winter cold
summer mild,
winter cool
summer mild,
winter cold
poor
low
absent
medium
Go to
Section:
moderate
Figure 4-11 The World’s Major Land Biomes
Section 4-3
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Section:
Tropical rain forest
Temperate grassland
Temperate forest
Tundra
Tropical dry forest
Desert
Mountains and
ice caps
Tropical savanna
Temperate woodland
and shrubland
Northwestern
coniferous forest
Boreal forest
(Taiga)
Interest Grabber
Section 4-4
Ride the Waves
The marine ecosystem that is exposed to regular and extreme changes in
its surroundings is the intertidal zone. During high tide, the intertidal zone
is covered by sea water. During low tide, this area is exposed to air,
sunlight, and heat.
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Section:
Interest Grabber continued
Section 4-4
1. What types of organisms would you expect to find living in the
intertidal zone?
2. What characteristics do you think these organisms have that enable
them to live in this zone?
3. What effect do waves have on the intertidal zone?
Go to
Section:
Section Outline
Section 4-4
4–4
Aquatic Ecosystems
A. Freshwater Ecosystems
1. Flowing-Water Ecosystems
2. Standing-Water Ecosystems
3. Freshwater Wetlands
B. Estuaries
C. Marine Ecosystems
1. Intertidal Zone
2. Coastal Ocean
3. Coral Reefs
4. Open Ocean
5. Benthic Zone
Go to
Section:
Freshwater Pond Ecosystem
Section 4-4
Spoonbill
Frogs lay eggs in the shallow
water near shore.The eggs
hatch in the water as tadpoles
and move to the land as adults.
The shore is lined with grasses
that provide shelter and nesting
places for birds and other
organisms.
Duck
Water
Frog lilies Mosquito
Duckweed
larvae
Dragonfly
Snail
The roots of water lilies
cling to the pond bottom,
Pickerel
Diving
beetle Fish share the pond
while their leaves, on long
flexible stems, float on the
with turtles and other
surface.
animals. Many of
them feed on insects
at the water’s edge.
Trout
The bottom of the pond is
inhabited by decomposers and
Hydra
other organisms that feed on
particles drifting down from the
Snail Crayfish
surface.
Go to
Section:
Phytoplankton
Plankton and the organisms that
feed on them live near the surface
where there is enough sunlight for
photosynthesis. Microscopic algae
are among the most important
producers.
Benthic
crustaceans
Figure 4-17 Zones of a Marine Ecosystem
Section 4-4
land
Coastal
ocean
Open
ocean
200m
1000m
Photic zone
4000m
Aphotic zone
6000m
Ocean
trench 10,000m
Continental
shelf
Go to
Section:
Continental slope and
continental rise
Abyssal
plain
Videos
Click a hyperlink to choose a video.
Earth’s Many Biomes, Part 1
Earth’s Many Biomes, Part 2
Video 1
Earth’s Many Biomes, Part 1
Click the image to play the video segment.
Video 2
Earth’s Many Biomes, Part 2
Click the image to play the video segment.
Go Online
Career links on forestry technicians
Interactive test
For links on climate and the greenhouse effect, go to www.SciLinks.org
and enter the Web Code as follows: cbn-2041.
For links on biomes, go to www.SciLinks.org and enter the Web Code
as follows: cbn-2043.
For links on aquatic ecosystems, go to www.SciLinks.org and enter the
Web Code as follows: cbn-2044.
Interest Grabber Answers
1. When does the area in which you live experience the lowest
temperatures? Does the temperature ever get below freezing? If so,
how often does this occur?
2. When does the area in which you live have the highest temperatures?
About how high is the highest temperature?
3. How often does it rain where you live? Is one season rainier than the
others?
4. Does it ever snow where you live? If so, what is the heaviest snowfall
you can remember?
Question 1–4:Answers will vary depending on local conditions. If
students have lived in a different part of the country, you may wish to
have them contrast the climate in that area with the local climate.
5. What are two factors that may affect climate?
Possible answers: latitude, wind, ocean currents, shape
and elevation of land masses
Interest Grabber Answers
1. Based on your own experiences, define predation. Give one example of
predation.
Predation is an interaction in which one organism captures and feeds
on another organism. Some examples of predation: a hawk captures
and feeds on a rabbit; a cat captures and feeds on a mouse.
2. Based on your own experiences, define competition. Give one example
of competition.
Competition occurs when organisms of the same or different species
attempt to use an ecological resource in the same place at the same
time. Some examples of competition: crop plants and weeds compete
for food, water, and sunlight; wolves and foxes compete for the same
food (rabbits).
Interest Grabber Answers
1. Describe the climate where you live.
2. What types of plant and animal life are found in your area? Describe a
few of the major characteristics of these organisms.
Questions 1–2: Answers will vary depending on the part of the country
in which students live.
3. Suppose that you had to move to an area with a climate that was very
different from the climate you now live in. How would the plant and
animal life in this new area be different from the plant and animal life
where you live now?
Sample answer: If the new climate were much colder, animals would
probably have thicker fur. Plants would have shorter growing seasons
and would produce seeds that could withstand the cold.
Interest Grabber Answers
1. What types of organisms would you expect to find living in the
intertidal zone?
Students may say that plants and animals would be small.
2. What characteristics do you think these organisms have that enable
them to live in this zone?
Possible answer: Plants would have thick outer layers to resist drying
during low tide. Animals would be able to burrow into the sand or have
coverings that could hold in water.
3. What effect do waves have on the intertidal zone?
Waves pound living things, causing them to bounce around, unless
they have some means of staying attached to the sand or rocks on
the bottom.
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