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4-2 WHAT SHAPES AN ECOSYSTEM? BIOTIC AND ABIOTIC FACTORS • The biological influences on organisms within an ecosystem are called ________________. • Ecological Community of organisms that interact-birds, trees, mushrooms, and bacteria. • • • • Physical (non-living) factors that shape ecosystems are called ________________ (Ex: temperature, precipitation, and humidity). Together, biotic and abiotic factors determine the survival and growth of an organism and the productivity of the ecosystem in which the organism lives. The area in which an organism lives is called its ___________. A habitat includes biotic and abiotic factors. THE NICHE • A _________ is a full range of physical and biological conditions in which an organism lives and the way in which the organism uses those conditions (Ex: It’s place in the food web). • The combination of biotic and abiotic factors in an ecosystem often determines the number of different niches in an ecosystem. • A niche includes the types of _______ the organism eats, how it obtains it’s food, and which other species use the organism as food. • Example: The physical conditions that a bullfrog requires to survive and the way it reproduces are part of it’s niche. COMMUNITY INTERACTIONS • Community interactions, such as __________, _______, and various forms of symbiosis, can affect an ecosystem. • _______________ occurs when organisms of the same or different species attempt to use an ecological resource in the same place at the same time. • A ____________ is any necessity of life (water, nutrients, food or space). • Direct competition in nature often results in a winner and a loser. • _____________________ principle states that no two species can occupy the same niche in the same habitat at the same time. • An interaction in which one organism captures and feeds on another organism is called ______________. • The organism that does the killing and eating is the ______________. • The organism that is eaten is called _______. • Any relationship in which two species live closely together is called _____________. • Symbiosis means ___________________. 1 • • • • There are 3 main symbiotic relationships in nature: mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism. _______________ is when both species benefit (Ex: flowers and insects) ________________ is when one member benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed (Ex: barnacles and whales) ________________ is when one organism lives on or inside another and harms it (Ex: tapeworms and mammals). 4-3 BIOMES • Ecologists group Earth’s diverse environments into ___________. • A biome is a complex ______________communities that cover a large area and is characterized by certain soil and climate conditions and particular assemblages of plants and animals. • An ______________ is an inherited characteristic that increases an organism’s ability to survive and reproduce. • _________________ help different species survive under different conditions in different biomes. • ________________ is the ability to survive and reproduce under conditions that differ form their optimal conditions. BIOMES AND CLIMATE • The _________ of a region is an important factor in determining which organisms can survive there. • The climate in a small area that differs from the climate around it is called a _______________. THE MAJOR BIOMES • Ecologist recognize at least ______ different biomes. The world’s major biomes include the following: 1. ____________________are home to more species than all other biomes combined. They have canopies (dense covering) and understories (second layer of forest); hot weather; broad leafed trees; herbivores such as sloths, tapirs, predators such as jaguars, anteaters; parts of S. and Central America, Southeast Asia and parts of Africa. 2. __________________ grows in places where rainfall is highly seasonal rather that year round; warm year round; tall, deciduous trees; tigers, monkeys, elephants; parts of S. Africa, S. and Central America, and Mexico. 3. __________________ receives more seasonal rainfall than deserts but less than tropical rain forests; covered by grasses; warm temperatures and seasonal rainfall; tall, perennial grasses; lions, cheetahs; large parts of Eastern Africa, and Brazil. 2 4. __________ are dry; low precipitation, variable temperatures; cacti; mountain lions, gray foxes, bobcats, mule deer, and antelopes; Africa, Asia, Middle East. 5. ___________________ characterized by rich mix of grasses and has the world’s most fertile soils; plains and prairies; warm to hot summers and cold winters; perennial grasses and herbs; coyotes, grizzly bears, badgers, mule deer; Central Asia, N. America, Australia. 6. _____________________________ has a semiarid climate and a mix of shrub communities and open woodlands; hot, dry summers and cool winter; woody ever greens; coyotes, foxes, bobcats, deer, rabbits; Western coasts of N. & S. America, S. Africa, and Australia. 7. _______________________ contain a mixture of deciduous and coniferous (seed- bearing cones with needles) trees. Rich in humus which is formed from decaying leaves; Cold to moderate winters and warm summers; broadleaf trees and conifers; deer, black bears, bobcats; raccoons, skunks; eastern U.S., Canada, Europe, Japan. 8. ___________________________ has mild, moist air from the Pacific Ocean which provides and abundant rainfall; mild temperatures and abundant precipitation; Douglas fir, Sitka spruce, redwood; bears, elk, deer, owls, bobcats; U.S., Canada to Alaska. 9. __________________ is along the northern edge of the temperate zone with dense evergreen forest. These biomes are called taiga; long, cold winters and mild summers; needle leaf coniferous trees; lynxes, wolves, moose, beavers; N. America, Asia, and N. Europe. 10. ___________ is characterized by permafrost, a layer of permanently frozen subsoil; strong winds, low precipitation, and soggy summers; mosses, lichens, sedges; birds and mammals such as musk ox, lemmings, and rodents; northern N. America, Asia, and Europe. OTHER LAND AREAS • _____________ ranges can be found on all continents. • The ________________ conditions vary with each elevation as you move up from the base to the summit. The temperatures become colder and the precipitation increases. • ________________- the icy polar regions that border the tundra are cold all year-round (mosses, algae, polar bears, and penguins). 4-4 Aquatic Ecosystems • ___________ ecosystems are determined primarily by the depth, flow, temperature, and chemistry of the overlying water. • The depth of the water determines the amount of light that organisms receive. • Water chemistry refers primarily to the amount of _____________________ (salt, nutrients, and oxygen) on which life depends. 3 FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEMS • Freshwater ecosystems can be divided into 2 main types: __________________________________ • • • • • • • • • • • __________________ Ecosystems are rivers, streams, creeks, and brooks. They flow over land (Organisms include insect larvae and catfish). They originate in mountains or hills and often spring from an underground water source (Figure 4-13). ___________________ Ecosystems are lakes and ponds. There is usually water circulating within them which helps distribute heat, oxygen, and nutrients throughout the system. __________ are tiny, free-floating swimming organisms that live in both freshwater and saltwater environments (Figure 4-14). ________________ are single-celled algae that are supported by nutrients in the water and form the base of many aquatic food webs. ________________ are planktonic animals that feed on phytoplankton. ____________________ is an ecosystem in which water either covers the soil or is present at or near the surface of the soil for at least one part of the year. The 3 main types of freshwater wetlands are ______________________________. ______ typically from in depressions where water collects and are acidic. _________ are shallow wetlands along rivers. _________ are wet all year round and have standing water. ESTUARIES • Estuaries are wetlands formed where ___________________________. • They contain fresh water and salt water which is affected by the ocean tides. • Primary producers include plants, algae and both photosynthetic and chemosynthetic bacteria. • __________ is made up of tiny pieces of organic material that provide food for organisms at the base of the estuary’s food web. MARINE ECOSYSTEMS • Photosynthesis is limited to this will lit upper layer known as the ____________. • Below the photic zone is the ___________, which is permanently dark. • In addition to the division between the photic and aphotic zones, marine biologists divide the ocean into zones based on the depth and distance from the shore: the intertidal zone, coastal ocean, and open ocean. 4