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The Ecosystem Topic 2.1 Structure Some useful definitions: Species – A group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring. Eg. a lion or a tiger But………A lion and a tiger can reproduce together and produce a Liger Is the liger a new species? Are lions and Tigers the same species? No, because the liger is sterile. Habitat – The environment where a species normally lives or the location of a living organism. Homework: Find out: What is a niche? How is it different from a habitat? A species share of a habitat and the resources in it. This depends not only where the organism lives but also what it does. Population – a group of organisms of the same species who live in the same area at the same time. What’s missing from this graph? .........It has area ……..it has time Community – a group of populations living and interacting with each other in an area. Ecosystem – A community and its abiotic (non-living) environment Ecology – The study of the relationships between living organisms and their relationships with the environment Living (biotic) things that affect Ecosystems Non-living (a-biotic) factors that effect Ecosystems Autotroph- An organism that synthesises its organic molecules from simple inorganic substances. A plant yesterday. Autotrophic bacteria Heterotroph – an organism that obtains organic molecules from other organisms. Saprotroph – an organism that lives on or in nonliving matter, secreting digestive enzymes into it and absorbing the products of digestion. What do you call a mushroom that buys you drinks? A Fungi to be with! Detritivore – an organism that ingests non-living organic material. A woodlouse Food chains The arrows represent the flow of energy from eaten to eater! Producer Primary consumer Secondary consumer Tertiary consumer Make food chains with the following organisms: A) Shark Minnow Zooplankton Phytoplankton Tuna B) •Lion •Gazelle •Grass •Tick •Ox-pecker (bird that eats ticks) What is the initial energy source for both chains? Make sure the arrows go in the right direction. Food webs What is the trophic level of the: Caterpillar? Primary consumer Robin? 2o, 3o, and 4o Consumer Owl? Higher Level question: What will happen to the resilience of a food web if you increase the complexity? Homework Using Clip art make a food web that contains at least 10 named organisms (common names are acceptable but must be more than “big fish” or “tree”!) Interactions - Competition When 2 or more living things try to get the same resource. Examples: 2 people on the last sweety, Trees trying to get tall to get the most light; peacocks competing for 1 female, two penguins competing for a nest. http://www.imaging-essentials.co.uk/Images/competition.gif Interactions - Parasitism An organism that lives off another organism (and gains all or most of its food) where only one of the organisms benefits. Generally the host is harmed but not killed. (1) The hookworm latches on the walls of the colon with its sharp teeth where it feeds on blood. (2) The tapeworm is the longest parasite. A mature adult can lay a million eggs a day. (3) Tapeworm eggs embedded in the colon. (4) The roundworm can grow to be 20 inches (50 cm) long and lay 200,000 eggs per day. (5) Pinworms migrate outside the colon during the night to lay their eggs around the anus. This causes the nightly itching of many unsuspecting victims. http://www.lookgreat-loseweight-savemoney.com/images/common-parasites.jpg Interactions - Mutualism Where both organisms of different species in an interaction benefit from the interaction. http://cdn.webecoist.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/03/symbiotic-mutualism-animals.jpg Interactions - Predation http://www.bio.miami.edu/dana/pix/lion_predation.jpg When a secondary (or higher) consumer eats another consumer. Interactions - Herbivory When an animal eats a plant (a primary consumer eats a producer.) http://fireecology.okstate.edu/images/TGPP%20bison%20on%20patch3.JPG Pyramids Pyramids of Giza Pyramid of numbers Sparrow hawk Starling Sparrowhawk killing a starling Snail on lettuce Snail Lettuce Pyramid of numbers An ecological pyramid of numbers shows the population of each level in a food chain in a pictorial form. The size of each box represents the size of each population ….but….. Pyramid of numbers for a tree Aphid Starling Lacewing larvae Starling Elder tree …so we could use a pyramid of biomass Starling Pyramid of Biomass An ecological pyramid of biomass shows what happens to the amount of biomass at each trophic level by showing how much living material there is at each trophic level of a community at a specific time. Typical units for a biomass pyramid could be grams per meter2 (gm-2), or calories per meter2(cal m-2). ….but…… Dead bird Not every part of an organism is digestable, the beak and bones of a bird will not pass on to the next trophic level. This can make a pyramid of Biomass look like it contains more energy than it actually does. …. So we could use a pyramid of productivity. An ecological pyramid of productivity is often more useful, showing the production or turnover of biomass at each trophic level. Instead of showing a single snapshot in time, productivity pyramids show the flow of energy through the food chain. Typical units would be grams per meter2 per year (g m-2yr-1) or calories per meter2 per year (cal m-2yr-1) As with the others, this graph begins with producers at the bottom and places higher trophic levels on top. (Wikipedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_pyramid - 09.10 – 16th September 2010) Bioaccumulation Bioaccumulation refers to the build up of chemicals, such as pesticides in an organism. It occurs when an organism absorbs a toxic substance from it’s environment faster than it can lose it through egestion or excretion. http://www.marietta.edu/~biol/102/2bioma95.html wwweb - 20thSeptember 2010, 13:10 Bioaccumulation: increase in concentration of a pollutant from the environment to the first organism in a food chain Biomagnification: increase in concentration of a pollutant from one link in a food chain to another. Which part of this food chain does Bioaccumulation occur? Where does biomagnification occur? http://www.marietta.edu/~biol/102/2bioma95.html wwweb - 20thSeptember 2010, 13:10 Links Classic example: DDT Classic example: Minamata Click on the hyperlinks and Read these articles!!!!!! Images • • • • • • • • • • • • Slide 18 – Competition - http://www.imaging-essentials.co.uk/Images/competition.gif - 10.00, 21 September 2010 Slide 19 – Parasites - http://www.lookgreat-loseweight-savemoney.com/images/common-parasites.jpg - 10.01, 21 September 2010 Slide 20 – Mutualism - http://cdn.webecoist.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/03/symbiotic-mutualism-animals.jpg 10.02, 21 September 2010 Slide 21 – Predation – http://www.bio.miami.edu/dana/pix/lion_predation.jpg - 10.03, 21 September 2010 Slide 22 – Herbivory - http://fireecology.okstate.edu/images/TGPP%20bison%20on%20patch3.JPG - 10.04, 21 September 2010 Slide 23 - Pyramids of Giza – web - http://www.places-to-visit.us/files/images/The_Pyramids,_Giza,_Egypt_.png – 09.00, 16th September 2010. Slide 24, 25 and 26 , - Pyramid of numbers; Pyramid of numbers for a tree; Pyramid of Biomass – http://media.tiscali.co.uk/images/feeds/hutchinson/ency/0013n049.jpg - 09.01, 16th September 2010. Snail lettuce - http://img1.photographersdirect.com/img/2658/wm/pd272617.jpg Sparrowhawk killing a starling - http://img.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2008/02_04/1LifeDeathSWNS_800x571.jpg Slide 25 – Aphid - http://somethingscrawlinginmyhair.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/aphid.rear.jpg Lacewing larvae - http://entnemdept.ufl.edu/fasulo/woodypest/images/slide14.jpg Elder tree - http://images.bidorbuy.co.za/user_images/651/390651_Nuxia_floribunda1.jpg Starling Slide 27 – Dead Bird - Namb Faro, http://namb-ualg.blogspot.com/2009_04_01_archive.html - 09.01, 16th September 2010. Slide 29 and 30 – Bioaccumulation - http://www.marietta.edu/~biol/102/2bioma95.html wwweb - 20thSeptember 2010, 13:10 Bibliography Evolution of man picture http://daily.swarthmore.edu/static/uploads/by_date/2009/02/19/evolution.jpg Lion Picture http://bluepyramid.org/ia/lion.jpg Tiger picture http://fohn.net/tiger-pictures-facts/tiger-regal.jpg Liger picture http://img40.exs.cx/img40/8801/liger10jb.png Habitat picture http://www.desertlion.info/photos/22-wend-1c6.jpg Population graph http://www.sustainablescale.org/images/uploaded/Population/World%20Population%20Growth%20to% 202050.JPG Community picture http://media-2.web.britannica.com/eb-media/48/6548-004-4D277914.gif Ecosystem picture http://www.scienceclarified.com/images/uesc_04_img0211.jpg Tree Hugger http://www.treehuggersofamerica.org/images/tree_hugger.jpg Autotrophic bacteria http://www.college.ucla.edu/webproject/micro7/studentprojects7/Rader/pseudomo.gif A plant yesterday http://mrgrassosclass.com/images/autotroph.jpg T.rex picture http://www.biblelife.org/evolution-t-rex.jpg Mushroom picture http://www.topnews.in/health/files/mushroom.jpg Woodlice picture http://wpcontent.answers.com/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Porcellio_scaber__male_front_2_(aka).jpg/250px-Porcellio_scaber_-_male_front_2_(aka).jpg Food chain: http://blogs.townonline.com/wellesley/wp-content/uploads/2008/07/cartoon-sun-thumb10088541.jpg http://www.selfsufficientish.com/images/appletree.gif http://bichitomalo.com/images/ist1_1035760_smiling_worm_cartoon.jpg http://www.teachmecartoons.com/images/bird-cartoon.gif http://www.floatingbanana.com/artbackwash/BlackHawk1.gif Food web http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/course/ent425/images/tutorials/ecology/trophic_levels/foodweb.gif