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Transcript
Biotic & Abiotic Influences on Ecosystems Population Change and Stability Populations • Recall that a population is the amount of species in an ecosystem • What would cause the human population on Earth to change? – Births and Deaths • What would causes the human population of Milton to change? – Births, Deaths, Immigration, Emigration • Earth is a closed population since organisms cannot enter or leave • Milton is an open population since they can Limits on Populations • There are natural limits to the size of populations in an ecosystem • For example, Milpond might have a population of a few hundred fish, but Lake Ontario would have many thousands - Why? • Limiting Factors! – A factor that puts an upper limit on the size of a population – Amount of food, space, access to water, … Abiotic Factors • Every species can survive within a certain range of abiotic factors – tolerance range – Example: A pike needs water between 4oC and 25oC – outside of that range, they cannot survive • Within a tolerance range is an optimal range – the range in which the species is best adapted to survive • Each species has a tolerance and optimal range for each abiotic factor • Species with a large tolerance range tend to be widespread Tolerance and Optimum Range • See Also Figure 1, Pg 52 Key Abiotic Factors in Terrestrial Ecosystems • • • • Light availability Water availability Nutrient availability Temperature Key Abiotic Factors in Aquatic Ecosystems • Light availability • Nutrient availability • Acidity – Some species prefer acidic environments, others basic • Temperature • Salinity – The amount of salt in the water Biotic Factors • While abiotic factors determine where an organism can live, the biotic factors determine how well it can survive (population size) • Organisms in the same ecosystem affect each other greatly • They affect each other in 5 main ways Competition • Two species compete for access to the same resource • Foxes and coyotes feed on the same prey • Humans and wolves feed on the same livestock Predation • One species feeds on another • In general, – If prey goes up, predator will go up soon after – If predator goes up, prey will soon go down • If no or few predators exist, the population will grow out of control (Deer in New York State) Mutualism • Two species working together and both benefiting • Nitrogen-Fixing bacteria (recall yesterday!) • Studying with a friend for a test Parasitism • One species lives on (or in) another and feeds on it (the host) • Tapeworms live in the digestive tract of animals and absorb much of the nutrients • Ticks burrow under the skin of animals Commensalism • One species benefits while the other is neither helped nor harmed • Barnacles live on large whales but don’t hurt them • Birds nest it trees Carrying Capacity • The population of a species naturally varies over time – If the weather is unseasonably warm, the population of mice may increase, but as their food supply is used up, the population will decline again • But, communities tend towards stability – When they are stable, they are said to be in equilibrium • The maximum number of individuals of a species that can be supported indefinitely by an ecosystem is called its carrying capacity Carrying Capacity Con’t • The carrying capacity is determined by the limiting factors in an ecosystem • An organism can exceed its carrying capacity temporarily, but will eventually return to it Homework • Study for Friday’s Quiz – Everything up to and including tomorrow – (Chapter 2) • Pg 55 #1 – 4, 8